Citizen Emperor (170 page)
Authors: Philip Dwyer
| 85 . | Hautpoul, Mémoires , pp. 63–4. |
| 86 . | Gaspard de Clermont-Tonnerre, L’expédition d’Espagne: 1808–1810 (Paris, 1983), pp. 175–6; Nicole Gotteri, Soult: maréchal d’Empire et homme d’Etat (Besançon, 2000), p. 274. |
| 87 . | Miot de Mélito, Mémoires , iii. pp. 36–7. |
| 88 . | Esprit Victor Elisabeth Boniface Castellane, Journal du maréchal Castellane, 1804–1862 , 5 vols (Paris, 1895–7), i. p. 33. |
| 89 . | Corr. xviii. nos. 14470, 144473, 14499 (13, 14 and 20 November 1808). |
| 90 . | Cited in Charles Oman, A History of the Peninsular War , 7 vols (Oxford, 1902–30), i. p. 467. |
| 91 . | Oman, A History of the Peninsular War , i. pp. 469–70. |
| 92 . | Jean-François Bourgoing, Nouveau Voyage en Espagne, ou Tableau de l’état actuel de cette monarchie , 3 vols (Paris, 1789), i. pp. 209–10, 233–6. For a description of Spain and Madrid in this time see Lovett, Napoleon and the Birth of Modern Spain , i. pp. 47–84. |
| 93 . | Fierro, La vie des Parisiens sous Napoléon , p. 32; Jacques Soubeyroux, Paupérisme et rapports sociaux à Madrid au XVIIIe siècle , 2 vols (Paris, 1978), i. chs 1–2. |
| 94 . | Moniteur universel , 10 April, and 1 and 8 April 1808; Lejeune, Mémoires , p. 77. |
| 95 . | Corr. xviii. nos. 14526, 14527, 14528, 14429, 14554 (4 and 12 December 1808); Oman, A History of the Peninsular War , i. pp. 473–80. |
| 96 . | Ilse Hempel Lipschutz, Spanish Painting and the French Romantics (Cambridge, Mass., 1972), pp. 27–56; Jean-Joël Brégeon, ‘Les appropriations d’oeuvres d’art par les français au Portugal et en Espagne, de 1807 à 1813; les suites muséales et dans les collections’, in Pontet, Napoléon, Bayonne et l’Espagne , pp. 377–88. |
| 97 . | Boulart, Mémoires militaires , pp. 193–4. |
| 98 . | On Soult see Hempel Lipschutz, Spanish Painting , pp. 31, 33, 35–9. For other examples see Véronique Gerard-Powell, ‘Les prises d’oeuvres d’art en Espagne pendant l’occupation napoléonienne: diversité des responsables, diversité des choix’, in Pontet, Napoléon, Bayonne et l’Espagne , pp. 392–8. |
| 99 . | Boudon, ‘Les clémences de Napoléon’, p. 16, and for what follows. See also Méneval, Mémoires , ii. p. 217; Lejeune, Mémoires , p. 164. |
100
. Dumas,
Souvenirs
, iii. p. 335.
101
. Aymar-Olivier Le Harivel de Gonneville,
Souvenirs militaires du colonel de Gonneville
(Paris, 1875), p. 106.
102
. Tourtier-Bonazzi,
Lettres d’amour à Joséphine
, pp. 323–4 (31 December 1808).
103
.
Corr.
xviii. nos. 14716, 14717 (15 January 1809).
104
. Cambacérès,
Mémoires inédites
, ii. p. 250; Lentz,
Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire
, i. pp. 431–2.
105
.
Corr.
xviii. n. 14716 (15 January 1809).
106
.
Corr.
xviii. n. 14731 (16 January 1809).
107
.
Corr.
xviii. n. 14684 (11 January 1809).
108
.
Corr.
xviii. n. 14717 (15 January 1809).
109
. Dumas,
Souvenirs
, iii. p. 338.
110
. Thiébault,
Mémoires
, iv. p. 280.
111
. Anonymous letter to Davout in Louis Nicolas Davout,
Correspondance du maréchal Davout, prince d’Eckmühl
, 4 vols (Paris, 1885), ii. pp. 372–4 (20 January 1809).
112
. Cambacérès,
Mémoires inédites
, ii. p. 250.
113
. Hauterive,
La police secrète du premier Empire
, iv. p. 521; Anatole de Montesquiou,
Souvenirs sur la Révolution, l’Empire, la Restauration et le règne de Louis-Philippe
(Paris, 1961), pp. 154–6, who makes no mention of the insult; Mathieu Couty, ‘Quand Napoléon prononca la disgrace de Talleyrand’,
Historia
, 506 (February 1989), 68–77; Waresquiel,
Talleyrand
, pp. 400–1.
114
. Most of the accounts of this episode are second hand: Pasquier,
Mémoires
, i, pp. 357–8; Mollien,
Mémoires
, ii, pp. 333–43; Forgues (ed.),
Mémoires de Vitrolles
, i. pp. 287–8; Méneval,
Mémoires
, ii. pp. 227–9.
115
. See Waresquiel,
Talleyrand
, p. 695 n. 5, for a discussion of the sources on this question.
116
. Bourrienne,
Mémoires
, ii. p. 415.
117
. Jean-Claude Courtine and Claudine Haroche,
Histoire du visage: exprimer et taire ses émotions: du XVIe au début du XIXe siècle
(Paris, 1994), pp. 238, 243–4; and the preface by Chantal Thomas in Madame de Genlis,
De l’esprit des étiquettes de l’ancienne cour et des usages du monde de ce temps
(Paris, 1996), pp. 8–10, 14.
118
. Smith, ‘No More Language Games’, 1433.
119
. The transformation was completed by 1813. See Tour du Pin,
Journal d’une femme de cinquante ans, 1778–1815
, pp. 337–9, in which she speaks of Talleyrand’s hatred and bitterness towards Napoleon; and Hortense,
Mémoires
, ii. p. 173.
120
. Cambacérès,
Mémoires inédits
, ii. p. 251.
121
. Mansel,
The Eagle in Splendour
, pp. 112, 121.
122
. Coignet,
Note-Books
, p. 136. See also Rémusat,
Mémoires
, ii. p. 338.
123
. François-Yves Besnard,
Souvenirs d’un nonagénaire
, 2 vols (Paris, 1880), ii. pp. 197–8; Remacle,
Relations secrètes
, pp. 44–5.
124
. He admitted to Fain that his anger was simulated, ‘Otherwise they would come and bite me in the hand’. C. W. Crawley (ed.),
The New Cambridge Modern History
, vol. ix:
War and Peace in an Age of Upheaval, 1793–1830
(Cambridge, 1965), p. 317; Annie Jourdan, ‘La Hollande en tant qu’“objet de désir” et le roi Louis, fondateur d’une monarchie nationale’, in Jourdan (ed.),
Louis Bonaparte
, pp. 9–30, here p. 22.
125
. Eynard,
Journal
, i. p. 138.
126
. Bausset,
Mémoires anecdotiques
, i. p. 14; Agathon-Jean-François, baron Fain,
Mémoires du baron Fain, premier secrétaire du cabinet de l’empereur
(Paris, 1908), pp. 202–3; Branda,
Napoléon et ses hommes
, p. 271.
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