Citizen Emperor (153 page)
Authors: Philip Dwyer
| 31 . | W. H. Zawadzki, A Man of Honour: Adam Czartoryski as a Statesman of Russia and Poland, 1795–1831 (Oxford, 1993), pp. 92–110; Sparrow, Secret Service , p. 329. |
| 32 . | Prussia decided to continue its policy of neutrality, even if its sympathies lay with the coalition. See Brendan Simms, The Impact of Napoleon: Prussian High Politics, Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Executive, 1797–1806 (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 198–201. |
| 33 . | Mavor (ed.), The Grand Tours of Katherine Wilmot , p. 168; A. D. Harvey, ‘European Attitudes to Britain during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Era’, History , 63 (1978), 356–65; A. D. Harvey, Collision of Empires: Britain in Three World Wars, 1793–1945 (London, 1992), pp. 79–90; Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics , p. 402. |
| 34 . | Edouard Driault, Napoléon et l’Europe , 5 vols (Paris, 1912), ii. pp. 116–18. |
| 35 . | Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics , p. 274. |
| 36 . | Corr. x. n. 8252 (2 January 1805). |
| 37 . | Emsley, British Society and the French Wars , p. 112; Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation 1707–1837 (New Haven and London, 1992), pp. 305–6; Tombs and Tombs, That Sweet Enemy , p. 248. |
| 38 . | For Anglo-French rivalry in earlier periods see David A. Bell, ‘Jumonville’s Death: War Propaganda and National Identity in Eighteenth-Century France’, in Colin Jones and Dror Wahrman (eds), The Age of Cultural Revolutions: Britain and France, 1750–1820 (Berkeley, 2002), p. 49; David A. Bell, The Cult of the Nation in France: Inventing Nationalism, 1680–1800 (Cambridge, Mass., 2001), pp. 78–106; Hampson, The Perfidy of Albion ; Bertaud, Forrest and Jourdan, Napoléon, le monde et les Anglais , pp. 13–32; Tombs and Tombs, That Sweet Enemy , pp. 211–14. Lentz, Nouvelle histoire du premier Empire , i. pp. 142–7, 160, argues that public opinion remained ‘uncertain’ during this time, but he seems to base this assertion on royalist opposition in the military. |
| 39 . | Corr. ix. n. 7333 (29 November 1803). |
| 40 . | Vivant Denon to Napoleon, 27 July 1803, in Marie-Anne Dupuy, Isabelle Le Masne de Chermont and Elaine Williamson (eds), Vivant Denon, directeur des musées sous le Consulat et l’Empire: correspondance, 1802–1815 , 2 vols (Paris, 1999), ii. p. 1249; Porterfield and Siegfried, Staging Empire , p. 29. |
| 41 . | Letter from Denon (around 16 December 1803), in Dupuy, Le Masne de Chermont and Williamson (eds), Vivant Denon , p. 1253. |
| 42 . | Moniteur universel , 12 November 1803; Staël, Considérations , ii. pp. 350–1; Williamson, ‘Denon, la presse’, pp. 161–2. |
| 43 . | Letter from Denon (around 16 December 1803), in Dupuy, Le Masne de Chermont and Williamson (eds), Vivant Denon , pp. 1253–4; Elaine Williamson, ‘A Vraie-fausse Statue of William the Conqueror: Representation and Misrepresentation of Anglo-French History’, Franco-British Studies , 19 (1995), 22–4. |
| 44 . | Porterfield and Siegfried, Staging Empire , pp. 28, 33. |
| 45 . | Corr. xi. n. 9264 (23 September 1805). |
| 46 . | Cambacérès, Mémoires inédits , ii. p. 45. |
| 47 . | François Crouzet, ‘La guerre maritime’, in Jean Mistler (ed.), Napoléon , 2 vols (Paris, 1969–1970), i. p. 322. |
| 48 . | See, for example, Corr. ix. nos. 7832, 7833 (2 July 1804); Edouard Desbrière, 1793–1805: projets et tentatives de débarquement aux Îles Britanniques , 4 vols (Paris, 1900–2), iv. pp. 3–8. |
| 49 . | Deutsch, ‘Napoleonic Policy and the Project of a Descent upon England’, 541, 550–1; John Holland Rose, ‘Napoleon and Sea Power’, Cambridge Historical Journal , 1 (1924), 146, who believed that a fleet was assembled in 1801 simply as ‘a means of intimidating the Addington Ministry’. For a contrary view see Marmont, Mémoires , ii. pp. 212–17. |
| 50 . | Bailleu (ed.), Preußen und Frankreich , ii. p. 264 (17 May 1804). |
| 51 . | Metternich, Mémoires , iii. pp. 38–9. |
| 52 . | Wheeler and Broadley, Napoleon and the Invasion of England , pp. 505–6. In Greek mythology, Antaeus was a giant, the son of Poseidon. The reference was, therefore, to Britain. Hercules represented the French people. For the use of Hercules as a symbol during the French Revolution see Lynn Hunt, Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution (Berkeley, 1984), pp. 94–116. |
| 53 . | Corr. ix. n. 7801 (3 June 1804). |
| 54 . | On the former see Marmont, Mémoires , ii. pp. 210–12. On the latter see Wheeler and Broadley, Napoleon and the Invasion of England , pp. 245–55; David Whittet Thomson, ‘Robert Fulton and the French Invasion of England’, Military Affairs , 18 (1954), 57–63. |
| 55 . | Desbrière, Projets et tentatives de débarquement , iii. pp. 82–113, 381–413. The plans to invade England had a long history that stretched back as far as Louis XIV. For plans proposed in the reigns of Louis XIV–XVI, see P. Coquelle, ‘Les projets de descente en Angleterre, d’après les archives des affaires étrangères’, Revue d’histoire diplomatique , 15 (1901), 433–53; and 16 (1902), 134–57; Michèle Battesti, Trafalgar : les aléas de la stratégie navale de Napoléon (Saint-Cloud, 2004), pp. 33–8. |
| 56 . | See Dwyer, Napoleon: The Path to Power , pp. 354–6. Kagan, The End of the Old Order , p. 285, considers it to have been ‘the most grandiose project Napoleon ever developed’. |
| 57 . | Deutsch, ‘Napoleonic Policy and the Project of a Descent upon England’, 562. |
| 58 . | Fernand Nicolay, Napoléon Ier au camp de Boulogne, d’après de nombreux documents inédits (Paris, 1907), pp. 181–213; Constant, Mémoires , i. pp. 274–8; Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon , p. 323; Alan Schom, Trafalgar: Countdown to Battle, 1803–1805 (New York, 1990), pp. 97–9; Lloyd, The French Are Coming , pp. 47–8; Battesti, Trafalgar , pp. 82–3. |
| 59 . | Tourtier-Bonazzi, Lettres d’amour à Joséphine , pp. 164–5 (21 July 1804). |
| 60 . | Schom, Trafalgar , p. 142. |
| 61 . | Deutsch, ‘Napoleonic Policy and the Project of a Descent upon England’, 560–1. |
| 62 . | Maurice Dupont, L’amiral Decrès et Napoléon ou La fidélité orageuse d’un ministre (Paris, 1991), pp. 157–8. |
| 63 . | Rémi Monaque, Latouche-Tréville, 1745–1804: l’amiral qui défiait Nelson (Paris, 2000), pp. 595–6. |
| 64 . | Deutsch, ‘Napoleonic Policy and the Project of a Descent upon England’, 551, asserts that he had abandoned the idea in the short term. |
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