Churchill's Secret War (54 page)

39
Nayar, “Satish Samanta Da,” 86; Mahapatro, “Ananya Sushilda,” 207.

40
James,
Raj
, 595; Fay,
The Forgotten Army
, 516–517.

41
James,
Raj
, 591.

42
Batabyal,
Communalism in Bengal
, 133, 136.

43
Read and Fisher,
The Proudest Day
, 393–396; Sarila,
The Shadow of the Great Game
, 224; Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. VIII, 106–107; Singh,
The Origins of the Partition of India
, 592.

44
Batabyal,
Communalism in Bengal
, 253; Singh,
The Origins of the Partition of India
, 185; Khosla,
Stern Reckoning
, 58–59; Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. VIII, 298, 303.

45
Batabyal,
Communalism in Bengal
, 250–253, 316, 322; Khosla,
Stern Reckoning
, 58; Singh,
The Origins of the Partition of India
, 182–183, Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. VIII, 302.

46
Batabyal,
Communalism in Bengal
, 281, 321, 78–79, 293, 305–308.

47
Gupta,
In the Path of Service
, 77, 93.

48
Batabyal,
Communalism in Bengal
, 345; Gupta,
In the Path of Service
, 96.

49
Gupta,
In the Path of Service
, 108.

50
Moon,
Wavell
, 374; 322–23; quoted in Sarila,
The Shadow of the Great Game
, 225.

51
Churchill and Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill
, Vol. VIII, 294–295.

52
Wolpert,
Gandhi’s Passion
, 242.

53
Gupta,
In the Path of Service
, 116.

54
Kamtekar, “The Military Ingredient of Communal Violence in Punjab, 1947,” 568–572; Singh, “Imperial Defence and the Transfer of Power in India,” 569.

55
Quoted in Gandhi,
Collected Works
, Vol. 97, 6.

56
Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill
, Vol. VIII, 248; Tunzelmann,
Indian Summer
, 127–128; Page et al.,
The Partition Omnibus
, 305.

57
James,
Raj
, 597.

1
Reynolds,
In Command of History
, 39, 103, 125, 190, 195, 380, 399; Moran,
Churchill: The Struggle for Survival
, 112; Churchill,
The Second World War: Closing the Ring
, 587.

2
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. IV, 461, 468, 725.

3
Ibid., 1139.

4
CSAC, Olaf M. Martin Papers, Memoir, 247 (pages 312–331 are missing); Mitra,
Tin Kuri Dash
, 167.

5
Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. III, 509(footnote), and Vol. IV, 445(footnote); CAB 79/59, C.O.S. (43) 38th meeting, March 9, 1943.

6
Woodhead,
Famine Inquiry Commission
, 108.

7
Knight,
Food Administration in India
, 20; Dyson and Maharatna, “Excess Mortality During the Bengal Famine,” 290.

8
Pati,
Turbulent Times
, 41; Ghosh,
Famines in Bengal
, 105–106; Gupta,
Towards Freedom
, Part I, 272; Nanavati Papers, Vol. II, 540. According to Ghosh, the chowkidar served as night watchman of his village; informer on the whereabouts of political fugitives and habitual criminals; office boy, domestic servant, and courier for local officials; shepherd for police officers’ cattle; guard for the neighborhood railway track when it conveyed dignitaries; caretaker and cook for the government guesthouse in the locale; guarantor of land rights and safe harvesting of crops; material witness for the Crown; compiler “of all official statistics relating to acreage and yield of all principal crops, livestock, carts and vehicles, sugar-cane crushers, ploughs and tractors, date and palm trees for production of molasses”; reporter of all market prices; and registrar for births and deaths.

9
Symonds,
In the Margins of Independence
, 23.

10
Maharatna,
The Demography of Famines
, 284–286.

11
Woodhead,
Famine Inquiry Commission
, 109–110.

12
Sen,
Poverty and Famines
, 202; Maharatna,
The Demography of Famines
, 147; Dyson and Maharatna, “Excess Mortality During the Bengal Famine,” 297.

13
Rao, “Prasantha Chandra Mahalanobis 1893–1972,” 472; Greenough,
Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal
, 305.

14
Mahalanobis, “Mortality in Bengal in 1943.”

15
Guha,
Health and Population in South Asia
, 90.

16
Bose,
Agrarian Bengal
, 151.

17
Greenough,
Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal
, 309.

18
Maharatna,
The Demography of Famines
, 143–144; Woodhead,
Famine Inquiry Commission
, 113. If infant deaths are 18 percent of the total, the remaining deaths must be 82 percent of the total. Since 82 percent of the mortality is 5.3, then 100 percent is 6.5.

19
Marcus, “Famine Crimes in International Law,” 245–281; “Convention IV relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War,” August 12, 1949.

20
Reynolds,
In Command of History
, 195; Hammond,
Food
, Vol. I, 281–282; Harrod,
The Prof
, 261–262; Mansergh,
The Transfer of Power
, Vol. III, 49.

21
Sen,
Development as Freedom
, 16; Sen,
Poverty and Famines
, 80; Sen, “Wars and Famines.” Sen mistakenly believed, however, that the Government of India had no reason to anticipate the Bengal famine. He quoted the official estimate of the rice shortage as 140,000 tons, whereas the document to which he refers states 1.4 million tons.

22
Cherwell Papers H305/9.

23
Arendt,
The Origins of Totalitarianism
, 183–184.

24
Barnes and Nicholson,
The Empire at Bay
, 1071, 1075.

25
AMEL 1/6/32, File 2, April 30, 1947.

26
Gopal, “Churchill and India,” 469.

27
Moran,
Churchill: The Struggle for Survival
, 333.

28
Ibid., 394.

29
Gopal, “Churchill and India,” 469.

30
Moran,
Churchill: The Struggle for Survival
, 195.

31
Harrod,
The Prof
, 261; Birkenhead,
The Professor and the Prime Minister
, 11, 291, 279–280.

32
Moran Papers, PP/CMW/K.1–5; Moran,
Churchill: The Struggle for Survival
, 499–500, 621.

Acheson, Dean

Adams, Brooks

Afghanistan, World War II

Afroz, Nazes

All India Women’s Committee

All Indian Women’s Conference

Amery, John

Amery, Leopold S.

background

Churchill and

on Germany/Hitler

Jewish people and

Linlithgow and

son

Amery, Leopold S./India

Americans and

BBC radio speech

blaming India

colonial power and

economics and

famine causes

famine cover-up

famine warnings/aid requests

Hitler-Churchill comparison

partitioning/independence and

secretary of state appointment

sterling debt and

views on Indians

war supplies/strategies

Wavell and

Anne, Queen

Arendt, Hannah

Asquith, Violet

Atkinson, Fred J.

Atlantic Charter

Attlee, Clement

Auchinlek, Claude

army/famine and

INA officers treason trial

World War II

Ba Maw

Bajpai, Sir Girija

Balfour Declaration (1917)

Banerjee, Manos

Bari, Radhakrishna

Barnes, William A.

Batabyal, Rakesh

Bayly, Christopher

Beaverbrook, Lord

Begum, Kohinoor

Behrens, C.B.A.

Bengal

1941 harvest/hunger marches

army exclusion

Chamber of Commerce

during World War II

European Group of legislators

Muslim-Hindu populations/legislature

Tamluk subdivision/Midnapore District

Bengal famine (1940s)

abandoned children

aid denial

Americans and

Axis Powers and

beggars’ removal from streets

beginnings

Britain grain “swap,”

calories statistics

cyclone/floods

Denial Policy

exporting grain and

government denying shortages

hoarding/stockpiles

news of

relief operation beginnings

rice buying/prices

rice denial

stories

transportation/boat denial

See also
Calcutta; Famines in India (1940s)

Bengal famine (1940s) and wheat

Bengal wheat use

grinding and

myths on

“porridge” using

shipment shortages

Bengal Famine Code

Bera, Haradhon

Bera, Janoki

Bera, Nayontara

Bera family

Bhaumik, Mani

Bhoumik, Manoranjon

Bibi, Fatema/family

Bihar famine

Biplabi
newsletter

Birkenhead, Lord

Birth-rate

criticism of India

Malthus’s doctrine and

Blair, James Richard

Blood, Sir Bindon

Bose, Subhas Chandra

assassination order against

Axis powers and

background

British authorities and

death

famine aid and

farewell letter

Hitler meeting

imprisonment/“escape,”

independence and

Indian National Army

National Congress and

in Tokyo/Burma

Bose, Sugata

Bracken, Brendan

Branson, Clive

background

Bengal and

fighting

Indian independence movement and

on Indian poverty/famine

war in India

Braund, Henry B. L.

Brave New World
(Huxley)

Brooke, Alan

background

Churchill and

famine aid and

Burgis, Lawrence

Burma

Bose’s meetings in

World War II and

Burman, Behula

Burrows, Sir Frederick

Butler, Richard A.

Cairo conference

Calcutta

beggars’ removal from streets

famine photos

famine stories

food supplies and

importance to Britain

Japanese bombing

See also
Bengal famine (1940s)

Casablanca Conference

Caste system, India

Ceylon

as British priority

self-government and

Chakrabarty, Dukhaharan Thakur

Chakravarty, Nihar Chandra

Chamberlain, Houston Stewart

Chamberlain, Joseph

Chamberlain, Neville

Charles I, King

Cherwell, Lord.
See
Lindemann, Frederick Alexander (Prof/Lord Cherwell)

Chiang Kai-shek

Chiang Kai-shek, Madame

Cholera

Chowkidars

Churchill, John (Duke of Marlborough)

Churchill, Randolph

Churchill, Winston

1945 elections

1951 elections

animal metaphors of

background

becoming prime minister

Casablanca conference

civilian advisers overview

death

Lindemann and

lion metaphor

military background

military/war views

My Early Life
(autobiography)

pneumonia

popularity in U.S.

postwar security

Quebec meetings

Stalin and

stroke

“white superiority” views

World War II history and

Yalta conference

See also
United Kingdom

Churchill, Winston/India

charging India for defense

Commonwealth and

dominion status and

early travels

on Gandhi

Hindus vs. Muslims views

Hitler comparison

hostility toward India

Indian disunity and

Indian food problem committee

internal security/rebellion fears

Japan attacking and

partitioning

postwar reflection

retaining India/Empire

Viceroy’s Council/Simla talks

Wavell and

Willkie and

See also
United Kingdom

Clive, Robert

Clothing/materials during war

Combined Food Board

Communal Award

Communist Party of India

Communists and World War II