China's Territorial Disputes (49 page)

Central Asian Republics 149-50, 155,156

Central Daily News
(Taipei) 32-3

Central Military Commission (CMC) 6

Ceylon
see
Sri Lanka

Chan, David 49, 51

Chang, John 47

Chavan, Y. B.110

Chen Jian 196n77

Chen Yi 102, 158

Cheng Ruisheng 120

Chenpao Island
see

Zhenbao/Chenpao/Damansky Islands dispute

Chernenko, Konstantin 75, 93 Chevron 131 Chi Haotian 119 Chiang Chungling 52 Chiang Kai-shek 71, 108, 157 Chiao Kuan-hua 72, 73 Chilichin Island 76 China-ASEAN Free Trade Area 142
China Can Say No
(Song Qiang
et al.)
51
China Daily
51

China Geological Newspaper
130 China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) 131,138 China (Taiwan), Japan, (South) Korea Oceanic Development and Research United Committee 32, 35 Chinese Academy of Sciences 136 Chinese Communist Party 1, 5, 50, 69, 70,

104, 114, 122; Ninth Congress 66, 68,

73; Fourteenth Congress 136; Fifteenth Congress 142 Chinese Patriotic Alliance 47 Churkin, Vitaly 82 Cloma, Tomas 128 CNOOC 131,138 Cocos Island 117 Cold War 53, 93,114,170 Colombo Conference (1963)107 Committee for Coordination of Joint Prospecting for Mineral Resources in Asian Offshore Areas (CCOP) 31 Communism 106, 135; collapse 15, 52, 55, 56, 93, 94,160; Russia 87;
see also
Chinese Communist Party; Communist Party of India; ideology Communist Party of India (CPI) 103, 107, 108,114

comparative case studies approach 12 confidence-building: Himalayan border dispute 9,115, 118-21, 124, 125, 126, 154, 155, 156, 161, 170; South China Sea islands dispute 2,12,127, 132-5 conflict bargaining 7 CONOCO 131 containment strategy 174 Continental Shelf Convention (CSC) (1958) 29, 31    
'

continental shelves 3;

Diaoyu/Tiaoyutai/Senkaku Islands dispute 29, 31, 32-3, 52, 55; South China Sea islands dispute 131,138 Cossacks 87, 92

Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific (CSCAP)132 Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) 89 Crestone 131 crime 146

Cuban Missile Crisis 64,108 Cultural Revolution 10, 65, 66, 73, 88, 93, 94,158,166 culture 15,17, 27,124, 163-74 Czechoslovakia, invasion of 65, 66, 67, 71,

88

Dai Bingguo 161

Dalai Lama 101-2, 120, 126, 159 Damansky Island
see

Zhenbao/Chenpao/Damansky Islands dispute de-linking 24, 155-6;

Diaoyu/Tiaoyutai/Senkaku Islands

dispute 57-8, 148; Himalayan border dispute 119, 123-4; South China Sea islands dispute 140;

Zhenbao/Chenpao/Damansky Islands dispute 79 Declaration Concerning China’s Territorial Sea (1958) 3 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea (2002) 142-3,153 demilitarization
see
security interests democracy 21, 22, 59, 127, 142, 148-50, 154, 172; Himalayan border dispute

105, 108, 112,122 Deng Xiaoping 5, 36, 38-41,50, 57, 86, 93, 94,111, 115, 148, 157, 158, 160* Dessai, Morarji 110 Dhola Post incident (1962)106 Diaoyu/Tiaoyutai/Senkaku Islands dispute 2, 3, 7, 8,10,11,12,15,18, 26-60, 127, 139, 145, 147, 148, 151-6
passim,
159, 165, 166, 167-8, 173; first incident (1970-1972) 31-5, 54; second incident (1978) 26, 36-41,54, 86; third incident (1990) 26-7, 42-3, 54; fourth incident (1996) 27, 43-53, 54,151, 157;

2003 incident 28, 54-5, 56; possible future developments 55-60 dictatorships 22,103 Diesing, Paul 7

diplomacy 8,16,18, 39, 68-9, 92, 94,145, 161;
see also
negotiating behavior Diplomatic and Military Expert Group on China-India Border Questions (sixth meeting, 1998)120 dispute resolution,

multilateral/international143 Do Muoi 172 Dobrynin, Anatoly 67 Dolgolaptev, Anatoly 83 domestic factors 6-7, 9-12, 164;

Diaoyu/Tiaoyutai/Senkaku Islands dispute 26, 28, 38-9, 42-3, 53, 54-60; Himalayan border dispute 102-3, 10^5, 106, 112, 115, 116, 117, 122-5, 160-1; South China Sea islands dispute

127, 135-6, 140-2; testing hypothesis of two-level games 145, 146-8, 150-1,

154, 159, 160-2; win-set determinants

17-22; Zhenbao/Chenpao/Damansky Islands dispute 66, 71, 92-3, 94-5;
see also
economic interests; institutions; Level II elements; nationalism; public opinion and activism; security interests;

social forces; student activism; subnational actors Dongsha Islands 131, 143 Dupont 131

East Asia 121, 141; regionalism 7,123,

155, 167-9; state system 4 East China Sea 130, 168; islands dispute 5, 6; map 30;
see also
Diaoyu/Tiaoyukai/ Senkaku Islands dispute economic interests 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 24, 38-9, 155-6, 164, 167, 168;    
'

Diaoyu/Tiaoyutai/Senkaku Islands dispute 26, 28-31,44, 52, 53, 57-8, 59, 60,148; Himalayan border dispute 114, 116, 123-4; South China Sea islands dispute 138, 142, 143, 144;
see also
fisheries; foreign investment; oil resources; trade Egypt 107, 183n140 environmental protection 116, 140,142 Ethiopia 93 Eto Toyohisa 45

Europe: imperialism 1, 3-4
(see also
Britain); South China Sea islands dispute 130 European Union 1,142 Evans, Peter 13,197n16
Evening News
(London) 70 exclusive economic zones (EEZ) 3, 28, 29, 31, 44, 54, 55, 58, 60, 91, 153, 155,

173; South China Sea islands dispute 128, 132, 136, 138, 139,141

Fisher, Roger 183n140 fisheries 3, 9; Diaoyu/Tiaoyutai/Senkaku Islands dispute 26, 31,33, 35, 36-8, 39, 42-3, 46-8, 51, 52, 53, 57, 58, 59, 60, 147, 148, 155, 157; South China Sea islands dispute 10,128, 137, 139-40, 141, 143-4, 151;

Zhenbao/Chenpao/Damansky Islands dispute 62, 65, 82, 85, 86, 90 Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence 81,

100 " Foot, Rosemary 198n10 foreign investment 52, 53, 89,114, 123, 130-2, 142, 146, 152, 167, 170-1
'
foreign policy 1; moral and realist bases 14~15, 163-74;
see also
culture; territorial disputes Fu Hao 39 Fu Quanyou 120

Fukuda, Takeo 39, 40, 41

Gandhi, Indira 10,109, 110, 112, 125,154 Gandhi, Rajiv 112, 113, 115-16, 117, 125, 126, 154, 160-1 Garver, John 126 Geng Biao 37, 39 Ghana 107

Ginsburgs, George 77, 187n80 globalization 172

Gorbachev, Mikhail 61, 75, 80, 81, 88, 89,

92, 93, 94, 95,113, 158, 160, 166,167 governmental actors
see
leadership; Level I elements; national actors; negotiating behavior Grachev, Pavel 86 Great Leap Forward 122,165 Grechko, Andrei 66, 67, 69 Guam Doctrine 71 Gujral, I. K.125,154 Gulf Oil 32, 33 Gulf War (1991)6, 42, 82

Hainan Bird Fertilizer Company 139,151

Hainan province 135, 140, 151

Hamrin, Carol 13

Harrison, Selig 141

Hashimoto, Ryutaro 44, 49

Hau Peitsun 42-3

hegemonism 166; China’s anti-

hegemonism 14-15, 26, 36, 38, 39, 40,

41

Heilongjiang boundary river, disputed islands
see
Zhenbao/Chenpao/ Damansky Islands dispute Heilongjiang province 62, 66, 84, 85, 92,

146

Heixiazi Island (adjacent to Khabarovsk)

61,73-5, 81,82, 86,156    
'

Hianggyi Island 117 Himalayan border dispute 2, 5, 7, 9,11,

12, 15, 54, 96-126, 127, 145, 147, 152, 153-4, 156, 169-70, 171; maps 98-9; normalization and Sino-Indian dialogue 1976-1987 10,110-1; prelude to war 1959-1962 18,101-6, 125, 151, 157, 158, 160; relations before March 1959 96-101; relations since 1988 11^21, 155, 160-1; Sino-Indian war and after 64,106-10, 126, 165-6, 1694 Hinton, Harold C. 185n17 historical factors 17, 23^, 27, 29,163,

168, 169-70, 173;
see also
imperialism

Honasan, Gregory 139 Hong Kong 1; Diaoyu/Tiaoyutai/Senkaku Islands dispute 10, 26, 28, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 46, 48, 49, 51, 52, 54, 56, 148, 152, 157; Zhenbao/Chenpao/ Damansky Islands dispute 64, 65 Hoshina, Ts. 40 Hpimaw tract 103 Huang Hua 110

Huangyan (Scarborough Shoal) 139,140 human rights 56,116, 118, 142,172 humanitarian intervention 172 Hunchun Border Economic Cooperation Zone 87 Huth, Paul K.14,175n17

ideology 106, 114, 164-5, 169; conflict between USSR and China 64-95, 158, 164; end of 55, 56,166,168 Ikeda, Yukihiko 49, 52 Ilan and Suao Counties Fisheries Cooperative 47 Ilichev, L. F. 72

illegal immigration 86, 92, 146 imperialism 1, 3-4, 96-7, 173; China’s opposition to 5,10,14, 64, 70, 78, 94, 105; Japanese 1,27, 33 India 22; border dispute with China
see
Himalayan border dispute; nonalignment policy 100, 108; relations with USSR 67, 69; trade with China

101, 105, 114, 117-18,152 Indian Ocean 165,169 indifference curve analysis 19 Indonesia 107; South China Sea islands dispute 133, 138, 142,143 institutions 7-12
passim
, 22, 28, 127; Himalayan border dispute 102-3, 10^5, 106-7, 109, 110-11, 112, 116,

119, 120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 151, 153-4;
see also
bureaucracy; ratification intellectual property rights 116 interest groups
see
pressure groups International Court of Justice (ICJ) 47,

143,156

international factors 2, 6-7,11,17,18,

145;
see also
leadership; Level I elements international law 55, 96,142;
see also thalweg
principle
International Organization
8 International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLS) 143 internationalism 21;socialist 14,165-6

Iran 6

Iraq 6;
see also
Gulf War (1991)

irredentism 1,12,17, 26, 27, 56,127

Ishaev, Viktor 82, 85

Ishigaki City Assembly of Okinawa 47

Ishihara, Shintaro 41, 45

isolationism 21

Israel 6, 183n140

Itu Aba Island 128, 138, 139, 141,143
Izvestia
83

Jacobson, Harold 13,197n16 Jana Sangh, Janata Party (BJP) 103, 107,

110, 115, 120, 122, 123,147 Japan 1,4, 7, 22, 65, 87,16^5, 166, 167-9, 170, 197n14; Diaoyu/Tiaoyutai/Senkaku Islands dispute 2, 8,10,12,15, 26-60, 139,

147, 148, 151, 152, 154, 155, 156, 157, 159; imperialism 1, 27, 33; ratification procedures 153; South China Sea islands dispute 128, 130, 131, 133, 142; trade with China 40,118, 152; war with China (1894-1895) 28, 29 Japan-China Association on Economy and Trade 40

Japan-China Memorandum Trade Agency

35

Japanese Broadcasting Corporation (NHK)

35

Japanese Maritime Safety Agency (MSA) 42, 44, 157 Japanese National Defense Agency 40 Japanese Official Development Assistance (ODA) 43

Japanese Social Democratic League 39 Jetly, Nancy 109 Jiang Qing 70

Jiang Zemin 49, 50, 82, 83, 84, 120, 137, 168

Jilin province 84,146 Johnson Reef 128,137 Johnston, Alastair Iain 2 joint ventures 85,130,167 justice 173,174

Kaifu, Toshiki 43 Kapitsa, Mikhail 80 Kapotzu Island 76 Karakoram range 96, 97, 101 Kashmir 97,105, 112, 116, 117, 122, 147, 169

Katzenstein, Peter 163

Kazakhstan 69, 149, 155, 156 Khabarovsk 61,73-5, 85, 86; Russian Academy of Sciences Economic Research Institute 84 Khabarovsk Krai 65, 82, 84, 85, 86 Khantsankov, Mikhail 190n143 Khrushchev, Nikita 64, 65, 77-8, 105-6,

109,165    
'

Kinmen Island 165 Kishi Nobusuke 32, 45 Kita-Kojema Island 197n14 Kita-Kojima lighthouse 27, 31, 43-53, 54 Knopf, Jeffrey 10 Kobayashi, Kusuo 45 Kongka Pass 102 Kono, Kenji 39

Korea: North 56, 84, 86, 87; South 32-3, 34, 35, 54, 87,154 Kosygin, Alexei 66, 67-8, 69-70, 72, 77, 78, 94 Kozlov, Frol 66 Kozyrev, Andrei 83 Kunlun mountains 97 Kurile Islands 54, 65 Kuznetsov, V. V. 72 Kyrgyzstan 149, 155, 156

Lake Khasan 87

Lake Xinkai/Khanka 62

Lall, Arthur Samuel 176n21

Laos 133,149

law of the sea 3, 29, 31,133,142 Law of the Sea Convention
see
UN Le Kha Phieu 141 leadership 7,145, 157-62, 163;

Himalayan border dispute 114-16, 125-6, 157;    
'

Zhenbao/Chenpao/Damansky Islands dispute 65-6, 67-8, 77-8, 92-4;
see also
negotiating behavior Lebedinets, I. P. 87 Lee Teng-hui 47, 157 Leninism 66

Level I elements 16,18-20, 22, 23-5, 149, 154, 157, 159;

Diaoyu/Tiaoyutai/Senkaku Islands dispute 33; Himalayan border dispute 125; Zhenbao/Chenpao/Damansky Islands dispute 78, 95;
see also
leadership; national actors; negotiating behavior

Level II elements 16,17-22, 24,149, 154, 157, 158; Daioyu/Tiaoyutai/Senkaku