Catherine the Great (61 page)

Chapter 3

• 1.
  Sochineniia
  , XII: 236.
  
• 2. Bil’basov, i: 219–22, 227–8.
  
• 3. P. F. Karabanov, ‘Stats-damy i freiliny russkago dvora XVIII v.’,
  RS
  , 2 (1870), 445–6.
  
• 4.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 84–5, 89, 91.
  
• 5.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 245.
  
• 6.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 245–6.
  
• 7.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 243–4.
  
• 8.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 27.
  
• 9.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 215, 60–1.
  
• 10.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 329.
  
• 11. Khoteev,
  Kniga v Rossii v seredine XVIII v.,
  7–9.
  
• 12.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 532.
  
• 13. J. Hardman,
  Louis XVI
  (New Haven, CT, 1993), vii.
  
• 14.
  PSZ
  , xii: 9276, 10 Apr. 1746; N. Rozanov,
  Istoriia Moskovskago Eparkhial’nago Upravleniia so vremeni uchrezhdenii Sv. Sinoda
  ,
  1721–1821
  (M, 1869), ii: 1, 153, 159, n. 370.
  
• 15.
  PSZ
  , xii: 9286, 15 May 1746; xiii: 9860, 11 June 1751.
  
• 16. J. McManners,
  Death and the Enlightenment
  (Oxford, 1981), 302.
  
• 17.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 232–5.
  
• 18. P. Salvadori,
  La chasse sous l’ancien régime
  (Paris, 1996), 207; Kutepov,
  Tsarskaia okhota
  , 30.
  
• 19. Kutepov,
  Tsarskaia okhota
  , 64;
  KfZh
  (1751), 92–5;
  PSZ
  , xiii: 9903, 3 Nov. 1751.
  
• 20.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 117.
  
• 21. Wortman,
  Scenarios
  , 107.
  
• 22.
  AKV
  , xxxiv: appendix, n.p, undated. A flask (
  shtof
  ) measured 1.23 litres.
  
• 23. Mrs Vigor,
  Letters from a lady, who resided some years in Russia, to her friend in England
  (London, 1775), 73. See also Bespiatykh,
  Peterburg Anny Ioannovny
  , 145 (C. R. Berch).
  
• 24. C. von Manstein,
  Memoirs of Russia, historical, political and military, from the year M DCC XXVII, to M DCC XLIV
  (London, 1770), 248.
  
• 25. S. Panchulidzev,
  Istoriia Kavalergardov 1724–1799–1899
  , 4 vols. (SPb, 1899), i: 254–68, at p. 260.
  
• 26. Decree of 5 May 1758, quoted in N. Findeizen,
  History of Music in Russia from Antiquity to 1800, 2: The Eighteenth Century
  , trans. S. W. Pring, eds. M. Velimirovií and C. R. Jensen (Bloomington, IN, 2008), 30.
  
• 27.
  SIRIO
  , ciii: 552, Hyndford to Chesterfield, 23 Feb. 1748.
  
• 28. Anisimov,
  Elizaveta Petrovna
  , 132–3, notes a tradition dating back to the empress’s contemporaries.
  
• 29. C. Koslofsky, ‘Princes of Darkness: The Night at Court, 1650–1750’,
  Journal of Modern History
  , 79, 2 (2007), 236, 244, 251ff., 258ff.
  
• 30. See Zitser,
  Transfigured Kingdom
  , passim.
  
• 31. Hughes,
  Russia in the Age of Peter the Great
  , 267–9; P. Keenan, ‘The Function of Fashion: Women and Clothing at the Russian Court (1700–1762)’, in
  Women in Russian Culture and Society, 1700–1825
  , eds. W. Rosslyn and A. Tosi (Basingstoke, 2007), 127–9.
  
• 32. Manstein,
  Memoirs
  , 319.
  
• 33. Manstein,
  Memoirs
  , 248–9.
  
• 34. Vigor,
  Letters
  , 75.
  
• 35. Keenan, ‘The Function of Fashion’, 132–3.
  
• 36. Bil’basov, i: 166, n. 2.
  
• 37. C. M. Foust,
  Muscovite and Mandarin: Russia’s trade with China and its setting, 1727–1805
  (Chapel Hill, NC, 1969), 105–63 (esp. 139–41), 357; ‘Kitaiskie tovary v Rossii XVIII v.’,
  Istoricheskii arkhiv
  , 2006:4, 197–200.
  
• 38.
  SIRIO
  , cxlviii: 104, Guy Dickens to Newcastle, 17/28 July 1750.
  
• 39. P. Mansel,
  Dressed to Rule: Royal and Court Costume from Louis XIV to Elizabeth II
  (New Haven, CT, 2005), xiii–xiv and
  passim
  .
  
• 40.
  Sbornik Biografii Kavalergardov 1724–1762
  , ed. S. Panchulidzev (SPb, 1901), 342 (I. I. Babaev); Benois,
  Tsarskoe Selo
  , 31.
  
• 41. Manstein,
  Memoirs
  , 248.
  
• 42.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 211;
  Russkii pridvornyi kostium ot Petra I do Nikolaia II iz sobraniia Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha Sankt-Peterburg
  (M, 1999), 28–31.
  
• 43. N. Iu. Bolotina, ‘Zhenshchiny roda Vorontsovykh v povsednevnoi zhizni imperatorskogo dvora XVIII v.’, in
  E.R. Dashkova i zolotoi vek Ekateriny
  , ed. L. Tychinina (M, 2006), 142, 150–3.
  
• 44.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 301, 211–2, 252–4.
  
• 45. For comparisons, see Duindam,
  Vienna and Versailles
  , ch. 3.
  
• 46.
  KfZh
  (1748), suppl., 120–32, 149 (these figures are almost certainly underestimates); K. Pisarenko,
  Povsednevnaia zhizn’ russkogo dvora v tsarstvovanie Elizavety Petrovny
  (M, 2003), 47–64, esp. 49, 59–60. On titles, see O. G. Ageeva,
  Evropeizatsiia russkogo dvora 1700–1796 gg.
  (M, 2006), 81–96.
  
• 47. C. de Wassenaer,
  A Visit to St Petersburg, 1824–1825
  , trans. and ed. I. Vinogradoff (Norwich, 1994), 58.
  
• 48.
  KfZh
  (1748), suppl., 140–9.
  
• 49. S. M. Troitskii,
  Finansovaia politika russkogo absoliutizma v XVIII veke
  (M, 1966), 246;
  PSZ
  , XIII: 9757, 2 June 1750.
  
• 50.
  KfZh
  (1748), suppl., 106–8.
  
• 51. Blanning,
  Power of Culture
  , 59, 32.
  
• 52. Benois,
  Tsarskoe Selo
  , 65–6, 68.
  
• 53.
  Puteshestvie brat’ev Demidovykh po Evrope: Pis’ma i podnevnye Zhurnaly 1750–1761 gody
  , ed. G. A. Pobedimova (M, 2006), 101.
  
• 54. N. W. Wraxall,
  Memoirs of the Courts of Berlin, Dresden, Warsaw and Vienna in the years 1777, 1778 and 1779
  , 2 vols. (London, 1806), ii: 213.
  
• 55. Benois,
  Tsarskoe Selo
  , 104–5.
  
• 56. A. I. Uspenskii,
  Imperatorskie dvortsy
  , i: 34,
  Zapiski Imperatorskago Moskovskago Arkhaeologicheskago Instituta
  , xxiii (M, 1913).
  
• 57. I. Reyfman,
  Vasilii Trediakovsky: The fool of the ‘new’ Russian literature
  (Stanford, CA, 1990), 239.
  
• 58. Marker,
  Imperial Saint
  , 216–8 and
  passim
  .
  
• 59. Quoted in Anisimov,
  Rossiia bez Petra
  , 73.
  
• 60. Mooser, i: 247.
  
• 61. Quoted in K. Ospovat, ‘Towards a cultural history of the Court of Elizaveta Petrovna’,
  SGECRN
  , 35 (2007), 38.
  
• 62. S. W. Mintz,
  Sweetness and power: The place of sugar in modern history
  (Harmondsworth, 1986), 88–94.
  
• 63. Sipovskaia, ‘Obedy’, 161.
  
• 64. Starikova, doc. 936; N. Kazakevich,
  Tsarskie zastol’ia v XVIII veke: Tseremonial i dekorativnoe oformlenie paradnykh stolov pri dvore imperatrits Elizavety i Ekateriny II
  (SPb, 2003), 22–4.
  
• 65. E.g.,
  KfZh
  (1753), 27, C.’s birthday; 74, Elizabeth’s birthday.
  
• 66. P. Stolpianskii, ‘V starom Peterburge: Banketnye stoly’,
  Starye gody
  , Mar. 1913, 28–32.
  
• 67.
  KfZh
  (1745), Zhurnal banketnyi, 19;
  KfZh
  (1748), 14–15, 32–3; Iu. Denisov and A. Petrov,
  Zodchii Rastrelli
  (Leningrad, 1973), 148–9, 187–8;
  Zapiski Vasiliia Aleksandrovicha Nashchokina
  (SPb, 1842), 101.
  
• 68. Starikova, doc.; Mooser, i: 221;
  KfZh
  (1746), 11.
  
• 69.
  AKV
  , ii: 109.
  
• 70. G. M. Zelenskaia,
  Novyi ierusalim: putevoditel’
  (M, 2003), 44–51.
  
• 71.
  PSZ
  , xiii: 9646, 10 July 1749; 9803, 3 Oct. 1750.
  
• 72. Shtelin,
  Muzyka
  , 54–5, para. 6.
  
• 73.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 265, 150.
  
• 74.
  KfZh
  (1752), 5–6.
  
• 75.
  KfZh
  (1757), 68.
  
• 76. E. I. Indova,
  Dvortsovoe khoziaistvo v Rossii: Pervaia polovina XVIII veka
  , (M, 1964), 202–15,
  passim
  . For fruit from Astrakhan, see PSZ, xii: 8997, 20 July 1744; 9186, 8 July 1745.
  
• 77. E. Justice,
  A Voyage to Russia
  (York, 1739), 16.
  
• 78. Pisarenko,
  Povsednevnaia zhizn’
  , 515–20; the list probably dates from 1747. For information relating to 1740–1, see
  Vnutrennii byt Russkago gosudarstva
  , i: 366–402.
  
• 79. Bespiatykh,
  Peterburg Anny Ioannovny
  , 141 (C. R. Berch).
  
• 80.
  PSZ
  , xii: 9161, 27 May 1745; N. I. Batorevich,
  Ekateringof: Istoriia dvortsovo-parkovogo ansamblia
  (SPb, 2006), 83–9.
  
• 81. Benois,
  Tsarskoe Selo
  , 76–7.
  
• 82.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 117.
  
• 83. I. Vinogradoff, ‘Russian Missions to London, 1711–1789: Further Extracts from the Cottrell Papers’,
  Oxford Slavonic Papers
  , NS 15 (1982), 71, C. to R. Cottrell, 1741.
  
• 84.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 254–7.
  
• 85. Iu. Ovsiannikov,
  Franchesko Bartolomeo Rastrelli
  (Leningrad, 1982), 74.
  
• 86.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 320.
  
• 87. A. A. Kedrintsev, ‘Iantarnyi zal v Sankt-Peterburge’, in I. P. Sautov, et al,
  Iantarnaia komnata: Tri veka istorii
  (SPb, 2003), 110–6. The Amber Room was later transferred to Tsarskoe Selo.
  
• 88.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 241, 291.
  
• 89.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 181.
  
• 90.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 183.
  
• 91. B. Kemp, ‘Sir Francis Dashwood’s Diary of his Visit to St Petersburg in 1733’,
  SEER
  , 38 (1959–60), 201.
  
• 92.
  PSZ
  , xi: 8820, 16 Nov. 1743;
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 106.
  
• 93. S. B. Gorbatenko,
  Petergofskaia doroga: Oranienbaumskii istoriko-landshaftnyi kompleks
  (SPb, 2001), 194;
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 92–3; 244–5.
  
• 94. Gorbatenko,
  Petergofskaia doroga
  , 197, 199;
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 127.
  
• 95.
  SIRIO
  , clxviii: 111, Guy Dickens to Newcastle, 29 July 1750.
  
• 96.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 157.
  
• 97.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 273.
  
• 98.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 293–4.
  
• 99. R. Dimsdale, ‘20 October 1768: Doctor Dimsdale Spends a Day with the Empress’, in
  Days from the Reigns
  , ed. Cross, ii: 190.
  
• 100.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 260–1.
  
• 101.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 296.
  
• 102.
  KfZh
  (1751), 4–15.
  
• 103.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 309, 313–5 (315).
  
• 104.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 325.
  
• 105.
  KfZh
  (1753), 93;
  PSZ
  , xiii: 10,103, 27 May 1753.
  
• 106.
  KfZh
  (1753), 65–6;
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 328–30;
  SIRIO
  , cxlviii: 519–20, Guy Dickens to Newcastle, 4/15 Nov. 1753.
  
• 107.
  AKV
  , xxxiii: 466–9, ‘O pozhare moskovskago dvortsa’.
  
• 108. A. Mikhailov,
  Arkhitektor D.V. Ukhtomskii: Ego shkola
  (M, 1954), 171–3.
  
• 109.
  SIRIO
  , cxlviii: 542, Guy Dickens to Newcastle, 20/31 Dec. 1753.
  
• 110.
  KfZh
  (1753), 74–5;
  AKV
  , v, 17.
  
• 111.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 329, 332, 324.
  
• 112.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 336–7.
  
• 113.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 338–9.
  

Chapter 4

• 1.
  Walpole Correspondence
  , xx: 457–8, Sir H. Mann to Walpole, 13 Dec. 1754 NS.
  
• 2. Rovinskii,
  Obozrenie ikonopisaniia
  , 244–6.
  
• 3.
  KfZh
  (1754), 121–4.
  
• 4.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 341–7 (341, 345);
  KfZh
  (1754), 78–9; McGrew, 29–31.
  
• 5. R. Butterwick,
  Poland’s Last King and English Culture: Stanislaw August Poniatowski 1732–1798
  (Oxford, 1998), 86–100; A. Zamoyski,
  The Last King of Poland
  (London, 1992), 41–53.
  
• 6. Quoted
  in extenso
  by Zamoyski,
  Last King
  , 58.
  
• 7.
  KfZh
  (1755), 68–70: 77 men and 44 women were present.
  
• 8. V. A. Korentsvit, ‘Krepost’ Peterstadt v Oranienbaume’, in
  Pamiatniki istorii i kul’tury Peterburga
  , ed. A. V. Pozdnukhov (SPb, 1994), 208–22.
  
• 9.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 307, 355–6.
  
• 10.
  AKV
  , xxxiii: 83, M. L. Vorontsov to F. D. Bekhteev, 15 June 1756.
  
• 11. Uspenskii,
  Imperatorskie dvortsy
  , i: 38–9, 41;
  PSZ
  : 10,246, 16 June 1754.
  
• 12.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 117; Benois,
  Tsarskoe Selo
  , 78.
  
• 13.
  AKV
  , xxxi: 86, M. L. to A. R. Vorontsov, 19 Dec. 1758.
  
• 14. A. N. Petrov,
  Savva Chevakinskii
  (Leningrad, 1983), 72, 75–6, 79.
  
• 15. Iu. V. Trubinov,
  Stroganovskii dvorets
  (SPb, 1996), 38–61.
  
• 16. Shcherbatov, 223, 225.
  
• 17. A. V. Dëmkin,
  Britanskoe kupechestvo v Rossii XVIII veka
  (M, 1998), 70.
  
• 18. Sipovskaia, ‘Obedy’, 162–3.
  
• 19.
  AKV
  , xxxi: 83, M. L. Vorontsov to M. P. Bestuzhev-Riumin, Feb 1758; 101, M. L. to A. R. Vorontsov, undated (Jan/Feb 1760); 105, 4/15 Apr. 1760; 110, 24 Oct. 1760.
  
• 20.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 391–2.
  
• 21.
  Correspondance
  , 70, 23 Aug. 1756; 81, 24 Aug.
  
• 22.
  AKV
  , xxxiii: 32–48. By the same token, no account was taken of Vorontsov’s artistic expenses, for which see S. O. Androsov, ‘Zabytyi russkii metsenat–Graf Mikhail Vorontsov’,
  PKNO
  , 2000 (M, 2001), 246–77.
  
• 23.
  SIRIO
  , clxviii: 466, Guy Dickens to Newcastle, 7 July 1753.
  
• 24. [J-L Favier], ‘Russkii dvor v 1761 godu’,
  RS
  , Oct. 1878.
  
• 25. Cross, 55–8; Dëmkin,
  Britanskoe kupechestvo
  , 128–35.
  
• 26. Kazakevich,
  Tsarskie zastol’ia
  , 24.
  
• 27.
  AKV
  , xxxiii: 50, ‘Zapiska prikhodu i raskhodu den’gam na 1754 god’; xxxii: 19, M. L. Vorontsov to I. I. Shuvalov, 27 Oct. 1756.
  
• 28.
  Correspondance
  , 82, 24 Aug. 1756.
  
• 29.
  Correspondance
  , 55, 20 Aug. 1756. See also, p. 74, 23 Aug. (cf. 124, 6 Sept.)
  
• 30.
  Correspondance
  , 197, 6 Oct. 1756.
  
• 31.
  Correspondance
  , 255, undated, Nov. 1756.
  
• 32.
  SIRIO
  , vii: 73, C. to Wolff, 11 Nov. 1756.
  
• 33.
  Correspondance
  , 272, 17 Nov. 1756.
  
• 34.
  SIRIO
  , cxlviii: 118, Guy Dickens to Newcastle, 8 Sept. 1750.
  
• 35.
  SIRIO
  , cxlviii: 113, Guy Dickens to Newcastle, 11 Aug. 1750.
  
• 36. Shcherbatov, 195.
  
• 37. C. Marsden,
  Palmyra of the North: The First Days of St Petersburg
  (London, 1942), 130.
  
• 38.
  SIRIO
  , cxlviii: 321–2, 28 Jan. 1752; ibid., 332, 7 Mar., prompted by ibid., 309, Newcastle to Guy Dickens, 27 Dec. 1751 NS.
  
• 39.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 266.
  
• 40.
  SIRIO
  , cx: 292–3, Hyndford to Newcastle, 2 Feb. 1749.
  
• 41.
  Correspondance
  , 121, 6 Sept;
  KfZh
  (1758), 112.
  
• 42.
  KfZh
  (1756), 51, 102; Benois,
  Tsarskoe Selo
  , 246–8.
  
• 43.
  Correspondance
  , 4, 3 Aug. 1756.
  
• 44.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 227.
  
• 45.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 224, 219, 225.
  
• 46.
  PSZ
  , xii: 8908, 3 Apr. 1744.
  
• 47.
  SIRIO
  , cxlviii: 295, Guy Dickens to Newcastle, 26 Nov. 1751;
  KfZh
  (1751), 108–9.
  
• 48.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 288–9.
  
• 49.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 348.
  
• 50.
  Correspondance
  , 34, 11 Aug. 1756; 45, 18 Aug.
  
• 51.
  Correspondance
  , 145, 11 Sept. 1756.
  
• 52. Frotier de la Messelière,
  Voyage à Pétersbourg, ou nouveaux mémoires sur la Russie
  (Paris, 1803), 217–8, punctuation adjusted.
  
• 53.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 393–5, where the event is misdated to 1758. The mistake recurs in A. L. Porfir’eva, ‘Muzykal’nye razvlecheniia Petra Fedorovicha v Oranienbaume’, in
  Archivo Russo–Italiano
  , IV, eds. Daniela Rizzi and A. Shishkin (Salerno, 2005), 340, and also in
  The Memoirs of Catherine the Great
  , eds. M. Cruse and H. Hoogenboom (New York, 2005), 178. Alexander, 51, gives 17 June 1757. The chronology of this period in C.’s memoirs is especially unreliable.
  
• 54. Zamoyski,
  Last King
  , 55.
  
• 55. Quoted in Alexander, 51.
  
• 56.
  KfZh
  (1757), 83.
  
• 57. J. L. H. Keep, ‘Feeding the Troops: Russian Army Supply Policies during the Seven Years’ War’,
  Canadian Slavonic Papers
  , 28–31 (1987).
  
• 58. Bil’basov, i: 332–46.
  
• 59.
  PSZ
  , xv: 10,940, 5 Apr. 1759, para. 5;
  KfZh
  (1759), 42;
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 407, 423; Alexander, 53–5.
  
• 60.
  AKV
  , xxxi: 88, M. L. to A. R. Vorontsov, 10 Mar. 1759;
  PSZ
  , xv: 10,930, 9 Mar. 1759.