Brilliant Blunders: From Darwin to Einstein - Colossal Mistakes by Great Scientists That Changed Our Understanding of Life and the Universe (52 page)

The author and publisher gratefully acknowledge permission to reprint the following material:

Art

Figures
4
,
5
,
6
,
12
,
13
,
15
,
19
,
21
,
25
,
28
: by Pam Jeffries.

Figure
18
: Courtesy of the Archives, California Institute of Technology.

Figures
22
,
23
,
29
,
30
: By permission of the Master and Fellows of St. John’s College, Cambridge.

Figures
32
,
34
,
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: Einstein, Albert; The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein. © 1987–Current Year. Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Princeton University Press. Reprinted by permission of Princeton University Press.

Figures
9
,
20
: Courtesy of Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, through the assistance of Mark Hurn.

Figure
16
: Courtesy of the author, processed by Amanda Smith, Graphics Office, Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge.

Figure
31
: Courtesy of Amanda Smith, Graphics Office, Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge.

Figures
11
,
17
,
33
: Courtesy of Pauling Collection, Oregon State University Libraries, Special Collections and Archives Research Center.

Figure
36
: Courtesy of the Leo Baeck Institute, New York.

Figures
26
,
37
: Courtesy of the Archives Georges Lemaître, Université Catholique de Louvain, Centre de Recherche sur le Terre et le Climat G. Lemaître, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique.

Figure
24
: Courtesy of the Reel Poster Gallery, London.

Figure
14
: Reprinted by permission from Nature Publishing Group, Macmillan Publishers Ltd:
Nature
, April 25, 1953.

Figures
1
,
2
,
3
,
7
,
8
,
10
: Reproduced by kind permission of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library.

Figure
27
: Courtesy of the Royal Astronomical Society Library, Royal Astronomical Society Correspondence 1931.

Text

Quotes from Einstein on pages
230
,
237
,
239
,
240
,
263
,
266
,
267
: By permission of the Albert Einstein Archives, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Quotes from Hoyle on pages
157
,
173
,
175
,
186
,
202
,
208
,
215
,
216
: By permission of the Master and Fellows of St. John’s College, Cambridge. Through the assistance of Mr. Geoffrey Hoyle.

Quote from Gold on page
187
: By permission of the Niels Bohr Library and Archives, American Institute of Physics.

Good faith efforts have been made to contact the copyright holders of the art and text in this book, but in a few cases the author has been unable to locate them. Such copyright holders should contact Simon & Schuster, 1230 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020.

A for Andromeda
(television drama),
158

Abiogenesis,
298
n

Accelerating expansion,
224
,
226
–27,
252
–56

Accelerating Universe, The
(Livio),
23
–24

Athenaeum
,
281
n

Adams, Frank Dawson,
94
–95

Admiralty Signals Establishment,
182

Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist
(essay collection),
266

Alpher, Ralph,
167
,
168
,
180
,
210

American Chemical Society,
Journal of
,
112
,
119

American Physical Society,
175

Amish,
34
,
276
n

Andromeda galaxy,
222
,
226

Anschütz, Ludwig,
287
n

Anthropics,
256
–64

Antineutrinos,
163
,
167

Aquinas, Thomas,
7

Argonne National Laboratory,
283
n

Aristotle,
7
,
16
,
60

Astbury, William,
105
,
111
,
113
–14,
120
,
122
,
127
,
128
,
132
,
154

Aston, Francis,
161

Astrophysics,
10
,
68
,
156
,
158
–59,
164
,
170
–71,
180
,
182
–83,
219
,
235
,
294
n

of big bang versus steady state model,
200
–202,
213

cosmological constant in,
247

nuclear,
100
–101,
159
,
161
–62,
171
,
173
–74,
178
,
181
,
184

principle of homogeneity and isotropy in,
185

Atkinson, Robert,
166

Atomic number,
163

Australia,
203
,
207

Avery, Oswald,
117
–19

Avery, Roy,
118

Baade, Walter,
169
,
181
,
204
–5

Bakus, Carl,
283
n

Bamford, Clement,
112

Bardeen, John,
235

Barnes, Charles,
173

Baryonic matter,
163

Becker, Lydia Ernestine,
35
,
276
n

Beckett, Samuel,
157

Becquerele, Henri,
92
,
283
n

Béguyer de Chancourtois, Alexandre-Emile de,
293
n

Beighton, Elwyn,
127

Bell, Florence,
120
,
122
,
128
,
132

Bell, Jocelyn,
182

Bell Telephone Laboratories,
210

Bergerac, Cyrano de,
64

Bergmann, Peter,
237

Berkeley, George,
16

Bernal, John,
129
,
151

Bethe, Hans,
100
–101,
166
–70

Bible, Genesis,
6
,
61
–62

Bierce, Ambrose,
136

Big bang theory,
157
–58,
187
,
210
–19,
261
,
262

nucleosynthesis in,
167
–69,
219
,
232
,
237
,
294
n

steady state cosmology versus,
183
,
199
–202,
205
–7,
210
–19

see also
Expanding universe

Biodiversity,
see
Diversity, biological

Biology,
8
,
60
,
82
,
120
,
122
,
156
,
271

evolutionary,
see
Evolution

molecular,
33
,
114
–15

Birkbeck College,
144
,
151

Biston betularia betularia morpha typica
,
32

Black holes,
209
,
263

Blending heredity,
38
–44,
43
,
45
,
47
,
49
–50,
52
,
56

Block, David,
193
,
297
n

Bluhm, Michael,
134

Bock, Fedor von,
7

Bohr, Niels,
281
n

Bondi, Hermann,
182
–83,
186
–87,
198
,
199
,
201
–3,
206
–7,
209
,
211
,
295
n

Bonnet, Charles,
8

Born, Max,
203
,
263

Bragg, Lawrence,
110
–14,
124
,
125
,
141
,
144
,
152
,
154

Bragg, William Henry,
110
,
111
,
144

Branching,
see
Speciation

Branson, Herman,
109
,
112
,
285
n
,
286
n

Brehm, Jack,
97

Brenner, Sydney,
124
–25

British Association for the Advancement of Science,
80
,
81
,
85
,
93
,
164
,
280
–81
n
,
283
n

British Broadcasting Company (BBC),
157

British Institute of Physics,
83

Brownian motion,
264

Brunauer, Stephen,
235

Brünn Natural History Society,
53

Brussels Scientific Society, Annals of,
191

Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de,
65
,
278
n

Bunsen, Robert,
293
n

Burbidge, Geoffrey,
178
–82,
179
,
181
–82,
207
,
212
,
214
,
294
n

Burbidge, Margaret,
170
,
178
–82,
179
,
207
,
214
,
294
n

Burton, Robert,
99

Butler, N.,
179

Byron, Lord,
275
n

Caesar, Julius,
16

Calder, L.,
300
n

California, University of, Berkeley,
119
,
155

California Institute of Technology (Caltech),
103
,
106
,
109
,
115
,
120
,
131
,
132
,
134
,
285
n
,
289
n

Kellogg Radiation Laboratory,
166
,
171
,
173
–74,
181

Cambridge University,
61
,
134
,
136
,
152
,
208
,
279
n
,
280
n

Cavendish Laboratory,
109
–12,
125
,
140
–41,
161
,
203
,
286
n

Darwin Correspondence Project,
52

Franklin at,
120
–21

Hoyle at,
158
,
170
,
178
,
183

Institute of Astronomy,
179
,
214
,
219

Kelvin at,
67
–68

King’s College Biophysics Research Unit visit to,
124

Canyon Diablo meteorite,
283
n