Brand Luther: How an Unheralded Monk Turned His Small Town Into a Center of Publishing, Made Himself the Most Famous Man in Europe--And Started the Protestant Reformation (54 page)

7
. Norman Housley, “Indulgences for Crusading, 1417–1517,” in Swanson,
Promissory Notes,
277–308.

8
. Nikolaus Paulus, “Raimund Peraudi als Ablasskommissar,”
Historisches Jahrbuch
21 (1900), 645–82.

9
. Bernd Moeller, “Die letzten Ablasskampagnen. Luthers Widerspruch gegen den Ablass in seinem geschichtlichen Zusammenhang,” in Hartmut Boockmann et al., eds.,
Lebenslehren und Weltentwürfe im Übergang vom Mittelalter zur Neuzeit
(Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1989), 539–67, here 560.

10
. Wolfgang Undorf,
From Gutenberg to Luther: Transnational Print Cultures in Scandinavia, 1450–1525
(Leiden: Brill, 2014), 293–96.

11
. Janus Moller Jensen,
Denmark and the Crusades, 1400–1650
(Leiden: Brill, 2007), 141.

12
. Moeller, “Letzten Ablasskampagnen,” 557–58. A useful table is in W. E. Winterhager, “Ablasskritik als Indikator historischen Wandels vor 1517: Ein Beitrag zu Voraussetzung und Einordnung der Reformation,”
Archiv für Reformationsgechichte
90 (1999), 6–71, here 23.

13
. “They preach only human doctrine who say that as soon as the money clinks into the money chest, the soul flies out of purgatory.” Kurt Aland,
Martin Luther’s 95 Theses
(St. Louis: Concordia, 1967), 57.

14
. Paul Needham,
The Printer and the Pardone
r (Washington: Library of Congress, 1986), 32–33.

15
. See now, especially, Eisermann,
Verzeichnis der Einblattdrucke
. F. Beyer, “Gedrucke Ablassbriefe und sonstige mit Ablässen in Zusammenhang stehende Druckwerke des Mittelalters,”
Gutenberg-Jahrbuch
(1937), 43–54.

16
. Falk Eisermann, “The Indulgence as a Media Event: Developments in Communication Through Broadsides in the Fifteenth Century,” in Swanson,
Promissory Notes,
309–30, here 315–17.

17
. Kapr,
Gutenberg,
191.

18
. Needham,
Printer and Pardoner,
31.

19
. Eisermann,
Verzeichnis der Einblattdrucke
.

20
. Ibid., 62–200.

21
. Jensen,
Denmark and the Crusades,
138.

22
. Eisermann,
Verzeichnis der Einblattdrucke,
10–61.

23
. Hans Volz, “Der St. Peters-Ablass und das Deutsche Druckgewerbe,”
Gutenberg-Jahrbuch
(1966), 156–72.

24
. Moeller, “Letzten Ablasskampagnen,” 555.

25
. Winterhager, “Ablasskritik,” 42.

26
. Ibid., 24.

27
. Ibid., 42–43.

28
. Both published by Friedrich Peypus in Nuremberg: USTC 672544, 645357. The German translation was by Luther’s friend Christoph Scheurl.

29
. David Bagchi, “Luther’s Ninety-five Theses and the Contemporary Criticism of Indulgences,” in Swanson,
Promissory Notes
, 331–55, here 347.

30
. Philip Robinson Rössner,
Deflation—Devaluation—Rebellion: Geld im Zeitalter der Reformation
(Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2012).

31
. G. Mehring, “Kardinal Raimund Peraudi als Ablasskommissar in Deutschland 1500–1504 und sein Verhältnis zu Maximilian I,”
Forschungen und Versuche zur Geschichte des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit. Festschrift Dieter Schäfer
(1915), 334–409. Francis Rapp, “Un Contemporain d’Alexandre VI Borgia, le Cardinal Raymond Péraud (1435–1505),”
Comptes Rendus des Séances de l’Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres
138 (1994), 665–77.

32
. For a sequence of pamphlets published by Peraudi in Speyer in 1503 see Mehring, “Peraudi als Ablasskommissar,” 408–9.

33
. Winterhager, “Ablasskritik,” 49.

34
. Ibid., 29–30.

35
. Ibid., 38–39.

36
. Aland,
95
Theses,
62.

37
. Winterhager, “Ablasskritik,” 40.

38
. Aland,
95 Theses,
62.

39
. Winterhager, “Ablasskritik,” 41.

40
. Bagchi, “Luther’s Ninety-five Theses,” 332.

41
. WA 56, 417. LW 25, 409.

42
. Jüterbog is twenty-four and Zerbst twenty-seven miles from Wittenberg; still a long day’s walk away.

43
. Cited Heiko Oberman,
Luther: Man Between God and the Devil
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), 188.

44
. WA 1, 141. Bagchi, “Luther’s Ninety-five Theses,” 334.

45
. Jared Wicks, “Martin Luther’s Treatise on Indulgences,”
Theological Studies
28 (1967), 481–518.

46
. Theses 81 and 82. Aland,
95 Theses,
62.

47
. The literature is summarized ibid.

48
. Luther to Lang, October 26, 1516. WABr I, 72–73.
Letters
I, 27.

49
. Andreas Gössner, “Die Anfänge des Buchdrucks für universitäre Zwecke am Beispiel Wittenbergs,” in Enno Bünz, ed.,
Bücher, Drucker, Bibliotheken in Mitteldeutschland
(Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2006), 133–152. Maria Grossmann,
Wittenberger Drucke 1502–1517: Ein bibliographischer Beitrag zur Geschichte des Humanismus in Deutschland
(Vienna: Krieg, 1971).

50
. Above, chapter 2. For context, see also Falk Eisermann, “Der Einblattdruck der 95 Theses im Kontext der Mediennutzung seiner Zeit,” in Irene Dingel and Henning P. Jürgens, eds.,
Meilensteine der Reformation. Schlüsseldokumente der Frühen Wirksamkeit Martin Luthers
(Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus, 2014), 100–106.

51
. The letter is known from Luther’s reply: WABr I, 118.

52
. In his treatise
Against Hanswurst
of 1541. Aland,
95 Theses,
40. USTC 706721–706724.

53
. Aland,
95 Theses,
69.

54
. The instructions for the church province of Magdeburg were printed in Leipzig:
Instructio Summaria
(Leipzig: Melchior I Lotter, 1516). USTC 669147. There was also an edition for the Province of Mainz,
Instructiones Confessorum
(Mainz: Johann Schöffer, 1516). USTC 669171.

55
. WABr I, 110. Aland,
95 Theses,
69–71.

56
. Wicks, “Martin Luther’s Treatise on Indulgences.”

57
. Aland,
95 Theses,
116–18; Martin Brecht,
Martin Luther: His Road to Reformation, 1483–1521
(Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1985), 204–5.

58
. Leipzig, Jakob Thanner. Benzing 88. USTC 751650.

59
. Benzing 89. USTC 639278. Erasmus to More, March 5, 1518.
Corr. Eras.,
EP 785. Brecht,
Road to Reformation,
204–5.

60
. The translation was said to have been by the Nuremberg Councillor Caspar Nützel. Brecht,
Road to Reformation,
204.

61
. One copy has survived: USTC 751033.

62
. Luther to Lang, March 21, 1518. WABr I, 154–56, n. 64.

63
. The
Sermon
is available in an accessible English translation in Aland,
95 Theses,
63–67.

64
. Benzing 90–103, with a further nine editions in 1519 and 1520.

65
. Against Eck’s “Obelisks” of 1518. The title page, confusingly, alludes to 370. USTC 626334.

66
. Dewey Weiss Kramer, ed.,
Johann Tetzel’s Rebuttal Against Luther’s Sermon on Indulgences and Grace
(Atlanta: Pitts Theology Library, 2012).

67
. Johann Tetzel,
Vorlegung Gemacht von Bruder Johan Tetzel Prediger Ordens Ketzermeister: Wyder eynen Vormessen Sermon von Tzwentzig Irrigen Artickeln Bebstlichen Ablas und Gnade Belangende allen Cristglaubigen Menschen Tzuwissen von Notten
(Leipzig: Melchior I Lotter, 1518). USTC 704278.

68
.
Eyn Freiheyt deß Sermons Bebstlichen Ablaß unnd Gnad Belangend
. Benzing 181–90.

Chapter Four: The Eye of the Storm

1
. This section leans heavily on Jared Wicks, “Roman Reactions to Luther: The First Year (1518),”
Catholic Historical Review
69 (1983), 521–62. See also Scott H. Hendrix,
Luther and the Papacy
(Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1981).

2
. Wicks, “Roman Reactions,” 529.

3
.
In Praesumptiosas Martini Lutheri Conclusiones, de Potestate Papae, Dialogus
(Rome: Marcello Silber, 1518). USTC 841732. The German reprints are USTC 689669, 689670, 689720.

4
. Bernhard Alfred R. Felmberg,
Die Ablasstheologie Kardinal Cajetans (1469–1534)
(Leiden: Brill, 1998). David Bagchi, “Luther’s Ninety-five Theses and the Contemporary Criticism of Indulgences,” in R. W. Swanson,
Promissory Notes on the Treasury of Merits: Indulgences in Late Medieval Europe
(Leiden: Brill, 2006), 347–51.

5
. A pamphlet urging the Estates not to agree to the new taxation was circulated in Augsburg:
Exhortatio ad Principes, Ne in Decimae Praestationem Consentient
(
Admonition Directed to the Sovereigns Not to Consent to the Tithe
), attributed to Ulrich von Hutten (Augsburg: Sigmung Grimm & Marx Wirsung, 1518).

6
. Luther to Spalatin, March 11, 1518, May 18, 1518. WABr I, 153, 173–74.
Letters
I
,
63.

7
. Melanchthon arrived in Wittenberg on August 25. His inaugural lecture, four days later, dealt with curriculum reform.

8
.
Correspondence
I, 82.

9
. Benzing 205–8.

10
. Benzing 212–23.

11
. On Eck, Edwin Iserloh, ed.,
Johannes Eck im Streit der Jahrhunderte
(Münster: 1988). CE I, 416–18.

12
. November 5, 1517, Scheurl to Truchsess: “I am sending you and our mutual friends Dr. Eck and Prior Kilian some truly theological and wonderful theses.” Kurt Aland,
Martin Luther’s 95 Theses
(St. Louis: Concordia, 1967), 116.

13
. Luther to Johann Sylvius Egranus, March 24, 1518. WABr I, 278.
Correspondence
I, 75–77. Leif Grane,
Martinus Noster: Luther in the German Reform Movement, 1518–1521
(Mainz: P. von Zabern, 1994), 21. Luther to Eck, May 19, 1519.
Correspondence
I, 85–87.