Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin (87 page)

23
Quotation: Morris, “The Polish Terror,” 753. On the Soviet concern about Poland’s new policy to Ukrainian minorities, see Report of 13 July 1926, AVPRF, 122/10/34. See also, generally, Snyder,
Sketches
, 83-114.

24
Kuromiya, “Spionage,” 20-32.

25
Cameron, “Hungry Steppe,” chap. 6. On Xinjiang, see Millward,
Eurasian Crossroads
, 191-210.

26
Snyder,
Sketches
, 101-102.

27
Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 74; Snyder,
Sketches
, 103-104.

28
Davies,
Years
, 8-11, 24-37; Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 86-90.

29
Quotations: Viola,
Unknown Gulag
, 75; Kravchenko,
I Chose Freedom
, 106. On the 32,127 households deported from Soviet Ukraine, see Kulczycki,
Hołodomor
, 158. On the percentage of collectivized farmland, see Kuśnierz,
Ukraine
, 86.

30
Davies,
Years
, 48-56.

31
On the harvest, see Davies,
Years
, 57-69, 110-111; Graziosi, “New Interpretation,” 1-5; and Dronin,
Climate Dependence
, 118. On Kosior and Kaganovich, see Davies,
Years
, 72, 82, 89, 95.

32
Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 102-103; Davies,
Years
, 112-114.

33
On the Red Cross, see Davies,
Years
, 112-113. Quotations: Kul’chyts’kyi,
Kolektyvizatsiia
, 434; Kul’chyts’kyi, “Trahichna,” 151.

34
On the reports of death by starvation, see Kuśnierz, 104-105. On Stalin, see Davies,
Kaganovich Correspondence
, 138. On the request for food aid, see Lih,
Letters to Molotov
, 230. On Kaganovich (23 June 1932), see Hunchak,
Famine
, 121.

35
Cameron, “Hungry Steppe,” chap. 2; Pianciola, “Collectivization Famine,” 103-112; Mark, “Hungersnot,” 119.

36
Quotation: Davies,
Kaganovich Correspondence
, 138. On Stalin’s predisposition to personalized politics, see Kulczycki,
Hołodomor
, 180; and Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 152.

37
On Stalin, see Marochko,
Holodomor
, 21. On the objective problems recounted by local party officials, see Davies,
Years
, 105-111, 117-122.

38
Cited in Kovalenko,
Holod
, 110.

39
Quotation: Davies,
Years
, 146. See also Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 107; and Werth,
Terreur
, 119.

40
On “our father,” see Sebag Montefiore,
Court
, 69. On talk of starvation as an excuse for laziness, see Šapoval, “Lügen,” 136. For a sense of the relationships among Molotov, Kaganovich, and Stalin, consult Lih,
Letters to Molotov
; and Davies,
Kaganovich Correspondence.

41
Quotations: Davies,
Kaganovich Correspondence
, 175, 183.

42
Snyder,
Sketches
, 83-95; Kuromiya, “Great Terror,” 2-4.

43
Snyder,
Sketches
, 102-104; Haslam,
East
, 31.

44
Quotation: Report of 6 June 1933, CAW I/303/4/1928. On the Polish consulate, see Marochko,
Holodomor
, 36. On Poland’s caution, see Snyder,
Sketches
, 102-108; and Papuha,
Zakhidna Ukraïna
, 80.

45
Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 108; Maksudov, “Victory,” 204.

46
On the Soviet judges, see Solomon,
Soviet Criminal Justice
, 115-116. Quotation: Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 116.

47
Quotations: Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 139; Kovalenko,
Holod
, 168. On the watchtowers and their number, see Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 115; see also Maksudov, “Victory,” 213; and Conquest,
Harvest
, 223-225.

48
On the limited gains from such methods of requisition, see Maksudov, “Victory,” 192. On the party activists’ abuses, see Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 144-145, 118-119; and Kuromiya,
Freedom and Terror
, 170-171.

49
As against fifty-seven percent for the USSR as a whole; see Davies,
Years
, 183. On Molotov, see Davies,
Years
, 171-172.

50
On Stalin, see Sebag Montefiore,
Court
, 21, 107.

51
Quotation: Kovalenko,
Holod
, 44. On the two politburo telegrams, see Marochko,
Holodomor
, 152; and Davies,
Years
, 174. On the 1,623 arrested kolkhoz officials, see Davies,
Years
, 174. On the 30,400 resumed deportations, see Kuśnierz,
Ukraina,
59.

52
For the “fairy tale” reference, see Šapoval, “Lügen,” 159; and Davies,
Years
, 199.

53
Quotations: Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 124. See also Vasiliev, “Tsina,” 60; and Kuromiya,
Stalin
, 110.

54
Quotation: Kuromiya,
Freedom and Terror
, 174. On the family interpretation (Stanisław Kosior), see Davies,
Years
, 206.

55
For similar judgments, see, for example, Jahn,
Holodomor
, 25; Davies, Tauger, and Wheatcroft, “Grain Stocks,” 657; Kulczycki,
Hołodomor
, 237; and Graziosi, “New Interpretation,” 11.

56
Sen,
Poverty and Famines
, quotation at 7; see also 154-155. A convincing national interpretation of the famine is Martin, “Ukrainian Terror,” at 109 and passim. See also Simon, “Waffe,” 45-47; and Conquest,
Harvest
, 219. On Kaganovich in November 1932, see Kulczyski,
Hołodomor
, 236.

57
Graziosi, “New Interpretation,” 8; Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 143; Maksudov, “Victory,” 188, 190; Davies,
Years
, 175 and, on seed grain, 151.

58
On the meat penalty, see Shapoval, “Proloh trahedii holodu,” 162; and Maksudov, “Victory,” 188. Quotation: Dzwonkowski,
Głód
, 71. For the example described, Dzwonkowski,
Głód
, 160; see also 219. On the general decline of livestock, see Hunczak,
Famine
, 59.

59
Shapoval, “Proloh trahedii holodu,” 162; Maksudov, “Victory,” 188; Marochko,
Holodomor
, 171; Werth,
Terreur
, 123.

60
Shapoval, “Holodomor.”

61
Davies,
Years
, 190; Marochko,
Holodomor
, 171.

62
Snyder,
Sketches
, 107-114.

63
Quotation: Davies,
Years
, 187. Regarding 20 December, see Vasiliev, “Tsina,” 55; Graziosi, “New Interpretation,” 9; and Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 135.

64
Davies,
Years
, 190-192.

65
On the interpretation of starving people as spies, see Shapoval, “Holodomor.” On the 190,000 peasants caught and sent back, see Graziosi, “New Interpretation,” 7. On the events of 22 January, see Marochko,
Holodomor
, 189; and Graziosi, “New Interpretation,” 9.

66
On the 37,392 people arrested, see Marochko,
Holodomor
, 192. See also Davies,
Years
, 161-163.

67
For the recollections of the activist, see Conquest,
Harvest
, 233. For quotation and details on the importance of purges, see Šapoval, “Lügen,” 133. On purges of the heights, see Davies,
Years
, 138.

68
On the deathly quiet of Soviet Ukraine, see Kovalenko,
Holod
, 31; and Dzwonkowski,
Głód
, 104. See also Arendt,
Totalitarianism
, 320-322.

69
Quotation: Dalrymple, “Soviet Famine,” 261. On Vel’dii, see Kovalenko,
Holod
, 132.

70
Quotations:
New York Evening Post
, 30 March 1933.

71
On Łowińska, see Dzwonkowski,
Głód
, 104. On Panasenko, see Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 105. Kravchenko recounted this experience in
I Chose Freedom
, 104-106.

72
On the fifteen thousand people deported, see Davies,
Years
, 210. On the sixty thousand people deported from Kuban, see Martin, “Ethnic Cleansing,” 846.

73
On the 67,297 people who died in the camps, see Khlevniuk,
Gulag
, 62, 77. On the 241,355 people who died in the special settlements, see Viola,
Unknown Gulag
, 241.

74
Quotation: Khlevniuk,
Gulag
, 79.

75
Quotations: Dzwonkowski,
Głód
, 215-219; Kul’chyts’kyi,
Kolektyvizatsiia
, 365. On life expectancy in Soviet Ukraine, see Vallin, “New Estimate,” 256.

76
On the schoolgirl and the severed head, see Kovalenko,
Holod
, 471, 46.

77
On prostitution for flour, see Kuromiya,
Famine and Terror
, 173. On Vynnitsia, see Kovalenko,
Holod
, 95. On fear of cannibals, see Kovalenko,
Holod
, 284. On the peasants in train stations, see Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 155. On the city police, see Falk,
Sowjetische Städte
. On Savhira, see Kovalenko,
Holod
, 290.

78
Quotation: Czech, “Wielki Głód,” 23. On the cannibalized son, see Kovalenko,
Holod
, 132. For the knife-sharpening incident, see Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 168. On pigs, see Kuromiya,
Freedom and Terror
, 172.

79
On the half a million boys and girls in the watchtowers, see Maksudov, “Victory,” 213. Quotation: Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 119.

80
On the woman doctor, see Dalrymple, “Soviet Famine,” 262. On the orphans, see Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 157; and Dzwonkowski,
Głód
, 142. See also Graziosi, “Italian Archival Documents,” 41.

81
Kuśnierz,
Ukraina
, 157.

82
On the 2,505 people sentenced for cannibalism, see Davies,
Years
, 173. For details of the chimney example, see Kovalenko,
Holod
, 31. On the meat quota, see Conquest,
Harvest
, 227.

83
On the anti-cannibalism ethic, see Kuromiya,
Freedom and Terror
, 173. On Kolya Graniewicz, see Dzwonkowski,
Głód
, 76. For the mother’s request, see Conquest,
Harvest
, 258.

84
Quotation: Bruski,
Holodomor
, 179. On the agronomist, see Dalrymple, “Soviet Famine,” 261. On the crews and burials, see Kovalenko,
Holod
, 31, 306, 345.

85
Quotation: Graziosi, “Italian Archival Documents.” See also Davies,
Years
, 316.

86
On the 493,644 hungry people in Kiev oblast, see Marochko,
Holodomor
, 233.

87
On the Soviet census, see Schlögel,
Terror
. For discussion of 5.5 million as a typical estimate, see Dalrymple, “Soviet Famine,” 259.

88
The demographic retrojection is Vallin, “New Estimate,” which finds 2.6 million “extraordinary deaths” at 252 in Soviet Ukraine for 1928-1937, from which one would have to subtract other mass murders to find a famine total. For a summary of the January 2010 government study, see
Dzerkalo Tyzhnia
, 15-22 January 2010. The estimate of c. 2.5 million
on the basis of recorded deaths only
is in Kul’chyts’kyi, “Trahichna,” 73-74. Ellman estimates 9.0-12.3 million total famine deaths in the Soviet Union for 1933 and 1934 (“Note on the Number,” 376). Maksudov estimates losses of 3.9 million Ukrainians between 1926 and 1937 (“Victory,” 229). Graziosi estimates 3.5-3.8 million in Soviet Ukraine (“New Interpretation,” 6).