Blood and Politics (105 page)

22. Skinhead International in Tennessee

  
1.
Mark Alfonso, photos and notes, Center for Democratic Renewal. The walkie-talkies were from a group calling itself “SS of America,” headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina.

  
2.
“Aryan Americans, Awake,” flyer honoring Sam Davis and promoting October 7, 1989, march in Pulaski, Aryan Nations, mailed bulk rate from Idaho, n.d.; “Aryan Nations a Gathering of Will,” lists bands for the Pulaski events: Up Front, Bound for Glory, Doc Martin, Arresting Officer, Bobby Norton, Aryan Nations Southern Leader; Leonard Zeskind (unsigned), “Tennessee Aryan Nations March Opposed,”
The Monitor
17 (December 1989) (described the march in detail).

  
3.
Connie Craig, “Aryan March,” Associated Press, October 3, 1989 (for orange ribbons); Zane Hughes, “Stay Off Square Saturday,”
The Giles Free Press
, October 5, 1989.

  
4.
Joe Collins, “Strange Times for a Small Town,”
The Giles Free Press
, October 5, 1989, p. 1.

  
5.
Louis Beam, “Sam Davis Speech,” taped by Mark Alfonso, Center for Democratic Renewal, October; Mark Alfonso, comment on Kirk Lyons, communicated to author, 1989.

  
6.
Pete Peters, “Skinheads, The S.O.S. Troops of the Right,” Scriptures for America, audiotape no. 433 (sermon Peters gave to his congregation in Colorado after attending the Pulaski events).

  
7.
Pete Peters, “A Close Shave with the Skinheads,” Scriptures for America, audiotape no. 432 (includes some recording of Beam’s speech during Peters’s sermon to his congregation in Colorado).

  
8.
Peters, “Skinheads, The S.O.S. Troops of the Right.”

  
9.
Joe Drape, “Hard-Core Hatred: Skinheads’ Racism Violence Alarms Civil Rights Leaders and Lawmen,”
Dallas Morning News
, March 21, 1988.

10.
Author, personal observation, September 2, 1989; Leonard Zeskind (unsigned), “Labor Day Rally in Georgia Reflects Changes in Klan,”
The Monitor
16 (October 1989) (describes Klan-skinhead tension).

11.
Dick Hebdige,
Subculture: The Meaning of Style
(London: Methuen & Co. Ltd., 1979). Skins, like “punk rockers, hippies, crips, [and] bloods . . . challenge power relations within our society through their distortion, alteration, and ironic use of common everyday symbols and styles.”

12.
Nick Lowles and Steve Silver, “From Skinhead to Bonehead—The Roots of Skinhead Culture,” and Steve Silver, “Blood and Honour: 1987—1992,” in
White Noise: Inside the International Skinhead Scene
(Ilford, UK:
Searchlight
, 1998); author, notes taken while watching a tape of a Skrewdriver concert.

13.
Eric Andrew Anderson, “Skinheads: From Britain to San Francisco via Punk Rock” (thesis submitted for a Master of Arts in anthropology, Washington State University, December 1987). The Ramones’ first concert was in 1974, and they first toured London in 1976.

14.
Ibid., p. 64.

15.
Nick Camerota, “Nazi Chic,”
Attack!
57 (1977), republished in
The Best of Attack! and National Vanguard Tabloid
.

16.
“Nazi Youth Gangs Inspire Alarm,”
The Monitor
3 (June 1986) (quotes letter to
Maximum Rock n Roll
, 1986). At first the editors of
Maximum Rock n Roll
were unsure about how to respond (communication from Tim, editor), but by 1989 the magazine was publishing articles such as “Racist Skins Attack Gig,”
Maximum Rock n Roll
, January 1989.

17.
Mike O’Keefe, “Triumph of the Swill,”
Westword
, May 22, 1991; Dirk Johnson, “Colorado Klansman Refines Message for the 90s,”
The New York Times
, February 23, 1992.

18.
Eric Andrew Anderson, “Skinheads: From Britain to San Francisco via Punk Rock,” pp. 58–96.

19.
Ibid., pp. 97–101.

20.
Richard Bullis, “Why, Yes, Dad, I’m a Skinhead,” n.d. (ca. 1990, father tells story of his daughter), written communication to Center for Democratic Renewal; Kathy Dobie, “Long Day’s Journey into White,”
The Village Voice
, April 28, 1992.

21.
“What Is a Skinhead?” leaflet, White Aryan Skinheads, Cincinnati, Ohio, n.d. (ca. 1987–1988).

22.
William Pierce,
Hunter
(National Vanguard Books, 1989), p. 157.

23.
William Pierce, letter, “Dear National Vanguard Reader,” March 13, 1989.

24.
“Affirmative Action: An Idea Whose Time Has Passed,”
National Vanguard
110, March–April 1989, pp. 8–10; The National Alliance tried it again in 1991 with a proxy vote against Israel: William Pierce, letter and resolution attachment to Robert E. Scannell, Corporate Vice President, AT&T, October 25, 1990; Robert E. Scannell, letter to Securities and Exchange Commission, December 6, 1990; “National Alliance Calls for AT&T Withdrawal from Israel,”
IRRC News for Investors
, January 1991, p. 17.

25.
“Affirmative Action: An Idea Whose Time Has Passed,” p. 10.

26.
Robert J. Hoy, “Skinheads: They’re Young, They’re Wild and Standing Up for America,”
The Spotlight
, January 6–13, 1986, pp. 21–23; Gerry Gable, communication with author, February 1995, viz Hoy’s photos of British skins.

27.
Leonard Zeskind (unsigned), “Walking the Line Between Racist Violence and Electronic Wizardry: A Profile of Tom Metzger and the White Aryan Resistance,” Center for Democratic Renewal, December 1987 (backgrounder documents shift in Metzger’s thinking).

28.
Louis Beam, letter beginning “Dear Tom,”
WAR
7, no. 6, p. 4.

29.
Wyatt Clay Kaldenberg,
The Democratic Socialist: Voice of the New Aryan Left
newsletter 3, no. 3.

30.
Wyatt Clay Kaldenberg, “Aryan Skinheads,”
WAR ’88
7, no. 3, p. 5.

31.
“Rock Against Communism” promotion,
WAR
11, no. 4 (1983), p. 2.

32.
“Return of the Warrior,”
WAR
7, no. 6, reprinted from
Heritage & Destiny 1981
.

33.
“Aryan Festival ’88,”
WAR ’88
7, no. 4 (1988), p. 1; videotape of Oklahoma Fest distributed by White Aryan Resistance.

34.
Aryan Youth Movement–White Student Union
; Metzger published a dozen editions of this tabloid during the 1980s, and it became an entry point for young people into his organizational circles.

35.
“W.A.R.’s Side of the Story,”
WAR
7, no. 6, pp. 2–3; Leonard Zeskind (unsigned), “White Supremacy Exploits Hot Television,”
The Monitor
, May 1989.

36.
William Pierce, letter beginning “Dear Tom,”
WAR
7, no. 6, p. 4.

23. German Unification and the Reemergence of Nationalism

  
1.
Author, observation, February 12, 1990, Leipzig, Germany.

  
2.
Bettina Muller and James Ridgeway, “Democracy Is So Difficult,”
The Village Voice
, November 21, 1989; Jill Smolowe, “East Germany,”
Time
, October 23, 1989 (New Forum); Ann Tusa,
The Last Division: A History of Berlin 1945–1989
(Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1997), pp. 366–76.

  
3.
Leonard Zeskind, “German Political Mix Includes Neo-Fascists,”
Kansas City Jewish Chronicle
, March 9, 1990; author, observation.

  
4.
Author, photos, interviews, and notes, February 1990; Leonard Zeskind, “German Political Mix Includes Neo-Fascists”; Graeme Atkinson (unsigned), “Nazis Campaign Openly,”
Searchlight
, March 1990.

  
5.
Author, observation, February 1990.

  
6.
Author, observation of consumer goods in Berlin and Dresden, May 1990 (Johnny Cash was on the jukebox at a truck stop outside Leipzig); Serge Schmemann, “Two Germanys Unite After 45 Years With Jubilation and a Vow of Peace,”
The New York Times
, October 3, 1990.

  
7.
Eike Wunderlich, “German White Power: A Program for Cultural Hegemony,” in
White Noise: Inside the International Nazi Skinhead Scene
, eds. Nick Lowles and Steve Silver (Ilford,
UK: Searchlight Magazine Ltd, 1998) (skinheads in the East and West in the early 1980s); Ingo Hasselbach,
Führer-Ex: Memoirs of a Former Neo-Nazi
(New York: Random House, 1996), pp. 24–43 (East German skinheads emerge from local punk scene).

  
8.
Paul Hockenos,
Free to Hate: The Rise of the Right in Post-Communist Eastern Europe
(New York: Routledge, 1993), p. 50; David Childs, “The Far Right in Germany Since 1945,” in
Neo-Fascism in Europe
, eds. Luciano Cheles, Ronnie Ferguson, and Michalina Vaughn (London: Longman, 1991), p. 80 (for geographic breakdown).

  
9.
Graeme Atkinson (unsigned), “The Meaning of Rostock,”
Searchlight
, October 1992, pp. 12–21; Hockenos,
Free to Hate
, pp. 56–58 (for CDU adoption of Republikaner position); Graeme Atkinson (unsigned), “Neo-Nazi Violence in Germany Explodes!,”
Searchlight
, November 1991, pp. 10–12.

10.
Graeme Atkinson (unsigned), “100,000 March Against Fascist Terror,”
Searchlight
, December 1991, p. 14; author, observation of Bertolt Brecht gravestone; author, observation of protest led by Beate Klarsfeld against immigrant deportations from Schoenefeld Airport.

11.
Author, multiple conversations with Sonja Tichy in East Berlin and Michael Hahn and others in Germany during the period 1990 to 1995.

12.
Michael Schmidt,
The New Reich: Violent Extremism in Unified Germany and Beyond
, trans. Daniel Hoch (New York: Pantheon Books, 1993), p. 122 (1988 statement by Franz Joseph Strauss of the Christian Social Union).

13.
Ibid., p. 139 (quotes Eckard Fuhr, a columnist for the
Frankfurter Allgemeine
).

14.
David A. Jodice,
United Germany and Jewish Concerns: Attitudes Toward Jews, Israel and the Holocaust
(New York: American Jewish Committee, 1991), pp. 4–5.

15.
Ernst Nolte, James Knowlton and Truett Cates, trans.,
Forever in the Shadow of Hitler?: Original Documents of the Historikerstreit, the Controversy Concerning the Singularity of the Holocaust
(Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1993); the original German edition of the book was entitled, in German,
The Documentation of the Controversy Concerning the Singularity of the National-Socialist Annihilation of the Jews
; Nolte had preferred:
The Documentation of the Controversy Surrounding the Preconditions and the Character of the “Final Solution of the Jewish Question.”

16.
Schmidt,
The New Reich
, pp. 133–38; the
Frankfurter Allgemeine
commissioned a poll during the Historikerstreit.

17.
Ernst Nolte, “Between Historical Legend and Revisionism? The Third Reich in the Perspective of 1980,” in
Forever in the Shadow of Hitler?
, pp. 13–14.

18.
Ibid, pp. 13–15.

19.
Ernst Nolte, interview with Ian B. Warren,
Journal of Historical Review
, January–February 1994, pp. 20–21.

20.
Schmidt,
The New Reich
, quoting Rudolf Augstein, p. 144; author, visit to Sachsenhausen, 1991.

21.
Tom Metzger, “Deutschland Skins,”
WAR
.

22.
Mark Weber, “Reviewing a Year of Progress,”
The Journal of Historical Review
10, no. 4, pp. 444–45.

23.
John Roy Carlson II, personal communication to author.

24.
Ernst Nolte, “The Past That Will Not Pass,” in
Forever in the Shadow of Hitler?
, pp. 18–23.

25.
James Knowlton and Truett Cates, in
Forever in the Shadow of Hitler?
, p. 3.

26.
Ernst Nolte, in
Forever in the Shadow of Hitler?
, p. 8; Mark Weber, “A Prominent German Historian Tackles Taboos of Third Reich History,” a review of the German language edition of Ernst Nolte’s book
Points of Contention: Current and Future Controversies About National Socialism 1993
,
Journal of Historical Review
, January–February 1994.

27.
Ernst Nolte, “Standing Things on Their Heads: Against Negative Nationalism in Interpreting History,” in
Forever in the Shadow of Hitler?
, p. 149.

28.
Mark Weber, “Institute for Historical Review Author Biographies,”
www.ihr.org/other/authorbios.html
(accessed May 9, 2008).

29.
John Roy Carlson II (Don Warren), “Initial Report and Impressions,” (October 1990), personal communication to author.

30.
“Faurisson, Toland, Irving, Leuchter Help Make IHR’s Tenth Conference a Capital Success,”
IHR Newsletter
76 (November 1990), p. 6; Paul Grubach, “CN Writers Meet at Revisionist-IHR Conference,”
The Christian News
, November 12, 1990, p. 18.

31.
“Faurisson, Toland, Irving, Leuchter Help Make IHR’s Tenth Conference a Capital Success,” p. 3.

32.
“Highlights of the Tenth International Revisionist Conference,” Institute for Historical Review flyer.

33.
John Roy Carlson II (Don Warren), “Initial Report and Impressions.”

34.
Vince Ryan, “Liberty Lobby Reports: Answers to Your Questions,”
The Spotlight
, August 2, 1999, p. 4 (in 1993 the IHR journal had climbed to “7,770 subscribers and growing”).

35.
John Roy Carlson II (Don Warren), “Initial Report and Impressions.”

36.
Ibid.

24. The First Persian Gulf War and the Realignment of the Far Right

  
1.
David Hudson, “Liberty Lobby Milestone: 35th Anniversary Washington Confab,”
The Spotlight
, September 17, 1990; William Carmichael, “
Spotlight
Turns 15 Committed to Truth,”
The Spotlight
, September 17, 1990; David Hudson, “BOP Meets, Conducts Business,”
The Spotlight
, September 24, 1990; “Gritz Warns BOP Get Ready to Fight or Lose Freedom,”
The Spotlight
, September 24, 1990; Felix, communication to author detailing the weekend of events, September 1990.