Blood and Faith: The Purging of Muslim Spain (59 page)
Read Blood and Faith: The Purging of Muslim Spain Online
Authors: Matthew Carr
Tags: #History, #Europe, #Spain & Portugal, #Religion, #Christianity, #General, #Christian Church, #Social Science, #Emigration & Immigration, #Discrimination & Race Relations, #Islamic Studies
BOOK: Blood and Faith: The Purging of Muslim Spain
6.8Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub
10
Cervantes,
Don Quixote
, p. 895.
Cervantes,
Don Quixote
, p. 895.
11
AGS, Estado,
legajo
252, extract in Lapeyre,
Géographie
, doc. 17.
AGS, Estado,
legajo
252, extract in Lapeyre,
Géographie
, doc. 17.
12
AGS, Estado,
legajo
252, Juan Hurtado de Mendoza, secretary of the Count of Salazar to King Philip III, October 1612.
AGS, Estado,
legajo
252, Juan Hurtado de Mendoza, secretary of the Count of Salazar to King Philip III, October 1612.
13
Cited in Ehlers,
Between Christians and Moriscos
, pp. 147–48.
Cited in Ehlers,
Between Christians and Moriscos
, pp. 147–48.
14
AGS, Estado,
legajo
254, Juan de Pereda report on Moriscos of Murcia, April 1613.
AGS, Estado,
legajo
254, Juan de Pereda report on Moriscos of Murcia, April 1613.
15
AGS, Estado,
legajo
2644, Council of State memorandum to King Philip III, February 20, 1614.
AGS, Estado,
legajo
2644, Council of State memorandum to King Philip III, February 20, 1614.
16
AGS, Estado,
legajo
2644, undated.
Chapter 21. The ReckoningAGS, Estado,
legajo
2644, undated.
1
Baltasar Porreño,
Dichos y hechos del señor rey D. Philipe II, el bueno, potentissimo, y glorious Monarca de las españas y las indias
, Madrid, in Yanez,
Memorias
. Written as a hagiographic tribute to King Philip III for his son Philip IV in 1639, Porreño’s purple prose nevertheless provides some fascinating glimpses of the Spanish Hapsburg court. Some of his most extravagant praise is reserved for the expulsion, which he calls “the greatest thing history has ever known”—claims that were already beginning to sound hollow by the time Philip IV took the throne.
Baltasar Porreño,
Dichos y hechos del señor rey D. Philipe II, el bueno, potentissimo, y glorious Monarca de las españas y las indias
, Madrid, in Yanez,
Memorias
. Written as a hagiographic tribute to King Philip III for his son Philip IV in 1639, Porreño’s purple prose nevertheless provides some fascinating glimpses of the Spanish Hapsburg court. Some of his most extravagant praise is reserved for the expulsion, which he calls “the greatest thing history has ever known”—claims that were already beginning to sound hollow by the time Philip IV took the throne.
2
For a study of these religious prophecies and the way they were woven into the mythology of the expulsion, see Magnier, “Millenarian Prophecy.”
For a study of these religious prophecies and the way they were woven into the mythology of the expulsion, see Magnier, “Millenarian Prophecy.”
3
Cited in Hillgarth,
Mirror of Spain
, p. 213.
Cited in Hillgarth,
Mirror of Spain
, p. 213.
4
Ibid., p. 211.
Ibid., p. 211.
5
Cited in Boronat y Barrachina,
Los moriscos
, vol. 2, p. 316.
Cited in Boronat y Barrachina,
Los moriscos
, vol. 2, p. 316.
6
Letter from King Philip III to Francisco de Castro, September 16, 1614, in Boronat y Barrachina,
Los moriscos
, vol. II, pp. 399–400.
Letter from King Philip III to Francisco de Castro, September 16, 1614, in Boronat y Barrachina,
Los moriscos
, vol. II, pp. 399–400.
7
A priest as well as a historian, Escolano was not opposed to the expulsion itself, which he compared to an exorcism. Just as “the devil always leaves a marking on leaving a human body where he has been,” he wrote, “with so many of them [devils, i.e. Moriscos] in the kingdom of Valencia, there would remain not one, but thousands of marks that would cause weeping for many centuries,” in
Decadas
, book 2, p. 834, cited in Fuster,
Poetas
, p. 122.
A priest as well as a historian, Escolano was not opposed to the expulsion itself, which he compared to an exorcism. Just as “the devil always leaves a marking on leaving a human body where he has been,” he wrote, “with so many of them [devils, i.e. Moriscos] in the kingdom of Valencia, there would remain not one, but thousands of marks that would cause weeping for many centuries,” in
Decadas
, book 2, p. 834, cited in Fuster,
Poetas
, p. 122.
8
For an assessment of the long-term economic impact of the expulsion in Valencia, see Casey, “Moriscos.”
For an assessment of the long-term economic impact of the expulsion in Valencia, see Casey, “Moriscos.”
9
Verse attributed to the Count of Villamediana, cited in Díaz-Plaja,
Felipe III
, p. 69.
Verse attributed to the Count of Villamediana, cited in Díaz-Plaja,
Felipe III
, p. 69.
10
Cited in Casey,
Kingdom of Valencia
, p. 212.
Cited in Casey,
Kingdom of Valencia
, p. 212.
11
Marcos de Guadalajara,
Memorable expulsion
, in Janer,
Condición social
, p. 169.
Marcos de Guadalajara,
Memorable expulsion
, in Janer,
Condición social
, p. 169.
12
Cited in Fisher,
Barbary Pirates
, p. 169.
Cited in Fisher,
Barbary Pirates
, p. 169.
13
Lord George Carew to Sir Thomas Roe, April 1617, in Maclean,
Letters from George Lord Carew to Sir Thomas Roe
, p. 111.
Lord George Carew to Sir Thomas Roe, April 1617, in Maclean,
Letters from George Lord Carew to Sir Thomas Roe
, p. 111.
14
Cited in Elliott,
Imperial Spain
, p. 366.
Cited in Elliott,
Imperial Spain
, p. 366.
15
Pedro Fernández de Navarrete,
Conservación de monarquias
67-81, cited in Cruz,
Discourses of Poverty
, p. 181.
Pedro Fernández de Navarrete,
Conservación de monarquias
67-81, cited in Cruz,
Discourses of Poverty
, p. 181.
16
Cited in Hillgarth,
Mirror of Spain
, p. 222.
Cited in Hillgarth,
Mirror of Spain
, p. 222.
17
Townsend,
Journey Through Spain
, p. 84.
Townsend,
Journey Through Spain
, p. 84.
18
Ford,
Handbook For Travellers in Spain
, p. 613.
Ford,
Handbook For Travellers in Spain
, p. 613.
19
Cited in López-Baralt, “Legacy of Islam,” p. 551.
Cited in López-Baralt, “Legacy of Islam,” p. 551.
20
Cited in Wilson,
Pirate Utopias
, p. 167.
Cited in Wilson,
Pirate Utopias
, p. 167.
21
Cited in Kamen,
Disinherited
, p. 61.
Cited in Kamen,
Disinherited
, p. 61.
22
Cited in Susan Rivers, “Exiles from Andalusia,”
Saudi Aramco World
, July/August 1991.
Epilogue. A Warning from History?Cited in Susan Rivers, “Exiles from Andalusia,”
Saudi Aramco World
, July/August 1991.
1
For example, Janer, writing in the mid nineteenth century, believed that “more than a million souls” were expelled.
Condición social
.
For example, Janer, writing in the mid nineteenth century, believed that “more than a million souls” were expelled.
Condición social
.
2
Lea,
Moriscos of Spain
, pp. 400–401.
Lea,
Moriscos of Spain
, pp. 400–401.
3
Arce, “La Intolerancia Religiosa.”
Arce, “La Intolerancia Religiosa.”
4
The irony was given an extra twist by the fact that the return of the “Moors” to Spain was often greeted with anti-Muslim racism on the Republican side. For an analysis of this episode and a brilliant discussion of attitudes to the Moorish past in contemporary Spain, see Aidi, “Interference of al-Andalus.”
The irony was given an extra twist by the fact that the return of the “Moors” to Spain was often greeted with anti-Muslim racism on the Republican side. For an analysis of this episode and a brilliant discussion of attitudes to the Moorish past in contemporary Spain, see Aidi, “Interference of al-Andalus.”
5
See
Alliance of Civilizations: Report of the High-Level Group
, November 13, 2006, available at
www.unaoc.org/repository/HLG_Report.pdf
, p. 3.
See
Alliance of Civilizations: Report of the High-Level Group
, November 13, 2006, available at
www.unaoc.org/repository/HLG_Report.pdf
, p. 3.
6
Cited in Aidi, “Interference of al-Andalus,” p. 77.
Cited in Aidi, “Interference of al-Andalus,” p. 77.
7
Cited in Tremlett,
Ghosts of Spain
, p. 320.
Cited in Tremlett,
Ghosts of Spain
, p. 320.
8
Zweig,
Right to Heresy
, p. 308.
Zweig,
Right to Heresy
, p. 308.
9
See Samuel Huntington,
Who Are We? America’s Great Debate
(New York: The Free Press, 2005).
See Samuel Huntington,
Who Are We? America’s Great Debate
(New York: The Free Press, 2005).
10
“Denmark’s Problems with Muslims,”
International Herald Tribune
, February 12, 2006.
“Denmark’s Problems with Muslims,”
International Herald Tribune
, February 12, 2006.
11
For the official Vatican English translation of the pope’s speech, see “Faith, Reason and the University,” Lecture of the Holy Father: Aula Magna of the University of Regensburg, September 12, 2006, available at
www.zenit.org/english/visualizza.phtml?sid=9474
.
For the official Vatican English translation of the pope’s speech, see “Faith, Reason and the University,” Lecture of the Holy Father: Aula Magna of the University of Regensburg, September 12, 2006, available at
www.zenit.org/english/visualizza.phtml?sid=9474
.
12
Daniel Pipes, “Europe or Eurabia?”
The Australian
, April 19, 2008.
Daniel Pipes, “Europe or Eurabia?”
The Australian
, April 19, 2008.
13
“Oriana Fallaci: Rage and Doubt of a Threatened Civilisation,”
Sunday Times
, March 16, 2003.
“Oriana Fallaci: Rage and Doubt of a Threatened Civilisation,”
Sunday Times
, March 16, 2003.
14
Fallaci,
Rage and the Pride
, p. 137. Fallaci was not a writer who minced her words. Despite her self-professed atheism and anticlericalism, her anti-Muslim diatribes often sound remarkably like those of Ribera and Bleda in her depiction of Muslims as a form of filth and defilement, who “soil” churches, palazzos, and museums and use baptismal fonts as “latrines.” More often than not, her sentimental invocation of Europe’s cultural treasures is a justification for
maledicta
—words of hate, such as her depiction of the Muslim immigrants who have turned Turin “the exquisite city of Cavour into a filthy kasbah.”
Fallaci,
Rage and the Pride
, p. 137. Fallaci was not a writer who minced her words. Despite her self-professed atheism and anticlericalism, her anti-Muslim diatribes often sound remarkably like those of Ribera and Bleda in her depiction of Muslims as a form of filth and defilement, who “soil” churches, palazzos, and museums and use baptismal fonts as “latrines.” More often than not, her sentimental invocation of Europe’s cultural treasures is a justification for
maledicta
—words of hate, such as her depiction of the Muslim immigrants who have turned Turin “the exquisite city of Cavour into a filthy kasbah.”
15
“Europa Wird Am Ende Des Jahrhunderts Islamisch Sein,”
Die Welt
, July 28, 2004.
“Europa Wird Am Ende Des Jahrhunderts Islamisch Sein,”
Die Welt
, July 28, 2004.
16
See Population Reference Bureau, “Do Muslims Have More Children Than Other Women in Western Europe?” February 2008, available at
www.prb.org/Articles/2008/muslimsineurope.aspx?p=1
.
See Population Reference Bureau, “Do Muslims Have More Children Than Other Women in Western Europe?” February 2008, available at
www.prb.org/Articles/2008/muslimsineurope.aspx?p=1
.
17
“Head Count Belies Vision of Eurabia,”
Financial Times
, August 27, 2007.
“Head Count Belies Vision of Eurabia,”
Financial Times
, August 27, 2007.
18
“Treviso ofensiva leghista “I muselmani sono un tumore,’”
La Repubblica
, December 27, 2007.
“Treviso ofensiva leghista “I muselmani sono un tumore,’”
La Repubblica
, December 27, 2007.
19
“Islamist Danger,” letter to the editor,
Daily Telegraph
, September 18, 2007.
“Islamist Danger,” letter to the editor,
Daily Telegraph
, September 18, 2007.
20
Cited in Cesari,
When Islam and Democracy Meet
, p. 131.
Cited in Cesari,
When Islam and Democracy Meet
, p. 131.
21
“Three to Watch: Populists of the Hard Right,”
New York Times
, April 21, 1996.
“Three to Watch: Populists of the Hard Right,”
New York Times
, April 21, 1996.
22
Cited Fekete,
Integration
, p. 11. Jenkins made this definition in 1966.
Cited Fekete,
Integration
, p. 11. Jenkins made this definition in 1966.
23
“Conform to Our Society, Says PM,” BBC News, December 8, 2006.
“Conform to Our Society, Says PM,” BBC News, December 8, 2006.
24
Bruce Bawer, “Europe’s Stockholm Syndrome,” blog entry, January 26, 2007,
www.brucebawer.com/blogarchive2007.htm
.
Bruce Bawer, “Europe’s Stockholm Syndrome,” blog entry, January 26, 2007,
www.brucebawer.com/blogarchive2007.htm
.
25
Ginny Dougary, “The Voice of Experience,”
The Times Magazine
, September 9, 2006.
Ginny Dougary, “The Voice of Experience,”
The Times Magazine
, September 9, 2006.
26
See Lindqvist,
“Exterminate All the Brutes”
, p. 8.In Lindqvist’s formulation, “The Latin
exterminio
means ‘drive over the border,’
terminus
, ‘exile, banish, exclude.’ Hence the English
exterminate
, which means ‘drive over the border to death, banish from life.’”
See Lindqvist,
“Exterminate All the Brutes”
, p. 8.In Lindqvist’s formulation, “The Latin
exterminio
means ‘drive over the border,’
terminus
, ‘exile, banish, exclude.’ Hence the English
exterminate
, which means ‘drive over the border to death, banish from life.’”
27
Sen,
Identity and Violence
.
Sen,
Identity and Violence
.
Bibliography
AGS (Archivo General de Simancas).
Printed Primary SourcesAznar Cardona, Pedro.
Expulsión justificada de los moriscos españoles
. Huesca, 1612.
Expulsión justificada de los moriscos españoles
. Huesca, 1612.
Bermúdez de Pedraza, Francisco.
Historia ecclesiastica: Principios y progressos de la ciudad y religion católica de Granada; Corona de su poderoso reyno, y excelencias de su corona
. Granada, 1638.
Historia ecclesiastica: Principios y progressos de la ciudad y religion católica de Granada; Corona de su poderoso reyno, y excelencias de su corona
. Granada, 1638.
Bernáldez, Andrés.
Memorias del reinado de los Reyes Católicos
. Madrid: Blas Tipografica, 1962.
Memorias del reinado de los Reyes Católicos
. Madrid: Blas Tipografica, 1962.
Bleda, Jaime.
Crónica de los moros de España
. Valencia, 1618.
Crónica de los moros de España
. Valencia, 1618.
Cabrera de Córdoba, Luis.
Historia de Felipe II, rey de España
. vol. 1. Valladolid: Junta de Castilla y León, 1988.
Historia de Felipe II, rey de España
. vol. 1. Valladolid: Junta de Castilla y León, 1988.
———.
Relaciones de las cosas sucedidas en la corte de España desde 1599 hasta 1614
. Valladolid: Junta de Castilla y León, 1997.
Relaciones de las cosas sucedidas en la corte de España desde 1599 hasta 1614
. Valladolid: Junta de Castilla y León, 1997.
Constable, Olivia Remie, ed.
Medieval Iberia: Readings from Christian, Muslim and Jewish Sources
. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997.
Medieval Iberia: Readings from Christian, Muslim and Jewish Sources
. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997.
Corral y Rojas, Antonio.
Relación del rebelión y expulsion de los moriscos del reyno de Valencia
. Valladolid, 1613; Sociedad Valenciana, 1878.
Relación del rebelión y expulsion de los moriscos del reyno de Valencia
. Valladolid, 1613; Sociedad Valenciana, 1878.
Escolano, Gaspar.
Década primera de la historia de la insigne, y coronada ciudad y reyno de Valencia
. Valencia, 1611.
Década primera de la historia de la insigne, y coronada ciudad y reyno de Valencia
. Valencia, 1611.
Fonseca, Damián.
Justa expulsión de los moriscos de España
. Rome, 1612.
Justa expulsión de los moriscos de España
. Rome, 1612.
García Arenal, Mercedes.
Los moriscos
. Granada: Universidad de Granada, 1996.
Los moriscos
. Granada: Universidad de Granada, 1996.
García Mercadal, José ed.
Viajes de extranjeros por España y Portugal: Desde los tiempos mas remotos hasta fines del siglo XVI
, vol. 1. Madrid: Aguilar, 1952.
Viajes de extranjeros por España y Portugal: Desde los tiempos mas remotos hasta fines del siglo XVI
, vol. 1. Madrid: Aguilar, 1952.
Gómez de Castro, Alvar.
De las hazañas de Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros
. Madrid: Fundación Universitaria Española, 1984.
De las hazañas de Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros
. Madrid: Fundación Universitaria Española, 1984.
Guadalajara y Xavier, Marcos de.
Memorable expulsión y justissimo destierro de los moriscos españoles
. 1613.
Memorable expulsión y justissimo destierro de los moriscos españoles
. 1613.
Homza, Lu Ann, ed. and trans.
The Spanish Inquisition, 1478–1614: An Anthology of Sources
. Indianapolis: Hackett, 2006.
The Spanish Inquisition, 1478–1614: An Anthology of Sources
. Indianapolis: Hackett, 2006.
Hurtado de Mendoza, Diego.
The War in Granada
, trans. Martin Shuttleworth. London: Folio Society, 1982.
The War in Granada
, trans. Martin Shuttleworth. London: Folio Society, 1982.
Las Casas, Bartolomé de.
Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias
. Madrid: Sarpe, 1985.
Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias
. Madrid: Sarpe, 1985.
MacLean, John, ed.
Letters from George Lord Carew to Sir Thomas Roe, Ambassador to the Court of the Great Mogul 1615–1617
. London: Camden Society, 1860.
Letters from George Lord Carew to Sir Thomas Roe, Ambassador to the Court of the Great Mogul 1615–1617
. London: Camden Society, 1860.
al-Maqqari, Ahmad Ibn Muhammad.
The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain
, trans. Pascual de Gayangos. London: W.H. Allen, 1840–43.
The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain
, trans. Pascual de Gayangos. London: W.H. Allen, 1840–43.
Mármol y Carvajal, Luis.
Historia de la rebelión y castigo de los moriscos del reino de Granada.
Málaga: Editorial Arguval, 2004.
Historia de la rebelión y castigo de los moriscos del reino de Granada.
Málaga: Editorial Arguval, 2004.
Martire d’Anghiera, Pietro, aka Pedro Martir de Anghieri.
Una embajada de los Reyes Católicos a Egipto
, trans. Luis García y García. Valladolid, 1947; Madrid, 1984.
Una embajada de los Reyes Católicos a Egipto
, trans. Luis García y García. Valladolid, 1947; Madrid, 1984.
Munzer, Jerónimo.
Viaje por España y Portugal: 1494–95
. Madrid: Polifemo, 1991.
Viaje por España y Portugal: 1494–95
. Madrid: Polifemo, 1991.
Núñez Muley, Francisco.
A Memorandum for the President of the Royal Audiencia and Chancery Court of the City and Kingdom of Granada
, ed. and trans. Vincent Barletta. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
A Memorandum for the President of the Royal Audiencia and Chancery Court of the City and Kingdom of Granada
, ed. and trans. Vincent Barletta. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
Pérez de Hita, Gínes.
La guerra de los moriscos (Segunda parte de las guerras civiles de Granada)
. Granada: Universidad de Granada, 1998.
La guerra de los moriscos (Segunda parte de las guerras civiles de Granada)
. Granada: Universidad de Granada, 1998.
Santa Cruz, Alonso de.
Crónica de los Reyes Católicos
,vol. 1. Seville: Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos, 1951.
Crónica de los Reyes Católicos
,vol. 1. Seville: Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos, 1951.
Valencia, Pedro de.
Tratado acerca de los moriscos de España
. Málaga: Editorial Algazara, 1997.
Tratado acerca de los moriscos de España
. Málaga: Editorial Algazara, 1997.
Verdú, Blas.
Engaños y desengaños del tiempo, con un discurso de la expulsión de los moriscos de España, y unos avisos de discreción
. Barcelona, 1612.
Engaños y desengaños del tiempo, con un discurso de la expulsión de los moriscos de España, y unos avisos de discreción
. Barcelona, 1612.
Yanez, Juan.
Memorias para la historia de don Felipe III
. Madrid, 1723.
Memorias para la historia de don Felipe III
. Madrid, 1723.
Other books
Waking Her Tiger by Zenina Masters
Collide by Shelly Crane
Hunters of Chaos by Crystal Velasquez
To Have and to Hold (Cactus Creek Cowboys) by Greenwood, Leigh
Just Like the Movies by Kelly Fiore
Kingdom by Tom Martin
Desert Spring by Michael Craft
The Power of Fate (The Triad Series Book 5) by Kate Pearce
Secret Asset by Stella Rimington
Sand Angel by Mackenzie McKade
