Asleep: The Forgotten Epidemic That Remains One of Medicine's Greatest Mysteries
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Authors: Molly Caldwell Crosby
Tags: #Science, #History, #Diseases & Physical Ailments, #Medicine, #Nonfiction, #Biology
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 - An Epidemic Begins
CHAPTER 2 - Constantin von Economo
CHAPTER 3 - The London Outbreak
CHAPTER 7 - The Medical Investigators
CHAPTER 9 - Smith Ely Jelliffe
CHAPTER 11 - Only the Beginning
CHAPTER 14 - A Two-Headed Beast
CHAPTER 17 - The Neurological Institute
CHAPTER 18 - The Matheson Commission
CHAPTER 19 - Josephine B. Neal
CHAPTER 22 - I Have Seen the Future
CHAPTER 25 - Past or Prologue?
COPYRIGHT
Copyright © 2010 Molly Caldwell Crosby
All rights reserved.
Published by the Penguin Group
Penguin Group (USA) Inc.
375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, USA
Penguin Books Ltd., Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London, WC2R ORL England
This book is an original publication of The Berkley Publishing Group.
While the author has made every effort to provide accurate telephone numbers and Internet addresses at the time of publication, neither the publisher nor the author assumes any responsibility for errors or changes that occur after publication. Further publisher does not have any control over and does not assume any responsibility for author or third-party websites or their content.
BERKLEY
®
is a registered trademark of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.
The “B” design is a trademark of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Crosby, Molly Caldwell.
Asleep: the forgotten epidemic that remains one of medicine’s greatest mysteries /Molly Caldwell
p. cm.
Includes bibliogaphical references and index.
eISBN : 978-1-101-18568-1
1. Epidemic encephalitis—History. I. Title. II. Title: Forgotten epidemic that remains one of medicine’s greatest mysteries.
[DNLM: 1. Encephalitis, Arbovirus—epidemiology—Europe—Case Reports. 2. Encephalitis, Arbovirus—epidemiology—United States—Case Reports. 3. Encephalitis, Arbovirus—history—Europe—Case Reports. 4. Encephalitis, Arbovirus—history—United States—Case Reports. 5. Disease Outbreaks—history—Europe—Case Reports. 6. Disease Outbreaks—history—United States—Case Reports. 7. History, 20th Century—Europe—Case Reports. 8. History, 20th Century—United States—Case Reports. WC 542 C949a 2010]
RA644.E52C76 2010
362.196’84980094—dc22
2009034928
For Andrew, Morgen and Keller
AUTHOR’S NOTE
By the very nature of this disease and its range of symptoms, some of the stories presented in this book seem unbelievable, even impossible to imagine. Nonetheless, this is a work of nonfiction.
This disease is known as “the forgotten epidemic” and for good reason. At the time I was researching and writing, not a single contemporary book on the epidemic existed. Part of my research included an interview with neurologist and writer Oliver Sacks, whose powerful book
Awakenings
is the most famous story stemming from the epidemic, though the focus of his account is a group of patients, survivors of this forgotten epidemic, he encountered in the late 1960s. Sacks himself was surprised to find these victims of the disease languishing in mental institutions. He wrote, “I would not have imagined it
possible
for such patients to exist; or, if they existed, to remain undescribed.”
The bulk of my research for this book came from sifting through old medical journals and case studies from the 1920s, primarily those in the archives of the New York Academy of Medicine and Columbia University’s Augustus C. Long Health Sciences Library. All the case studies in this book are based on actual medical records and articles published in medical journals from the time period, as well as personal accounts, family letters, and newspaper coverage.
In accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), as well as respect for patient confidentiality, names and personal details that would point to patient identification have been changed. In cases that were covered in major newspapers and documentaries, names and personal details were not changed, as their cases were publicly documented and historically significant to this epidemic.
Each of the cases was chosen to represent the range of symptoms from this kaleidoscope of a disease—some slept, some died, some recovered, some were crippled—but it is the collection of their cases that is the story. It was an epidemic that was shocking not because of the number of victims or medical breakthroughs or famous physicians, but because it so horribly and hauntingly altered the lives of its patients and the doctors who tried to save them.
This disease may have existed for hundreds of years, epidemics of it weaving in and out of the seam of history, but one amazing fact seems to hold true: physicians are surprised and confounded by it each time it appears, from the 1920s epidemic to Oliver Sacks’s research in the 1960s to the cases discovered today. It begs the question: should this disease return in epidemic form, will we be just as bewildered and unprepared as those who came before us?
Though cases have become rarer within the last few years it is unlikely that it will ever again vanish from medical memory.
—DR. CONSTANTIN VON ECONOMO, 1931
Such forgettings are as dangerous as they are mysterious.
—DR. OLIVER SACKS, 1973
PROLOGUE
Inside
M
y grandmother was sixteen when she fell asleep. What she remembered most from those weeks was the whiteness and the emptiness. Not whiteness like snow or fresh paint, but one caused by the complete lack of anything else, the same way a dense fog can consume everything in its path. She also felt cool, like the summer nights when she slept with a bowl of ice in front of the fan. Everything seemed cold and vacant and white.
She could see herself present in the room, but she was not herself. She was polished somehow. Smooth and sculpted like a statue. She tried to lift her arm, but it would not move. She concentrated and tried again, but she felt as though her arms, hands, legs, and feet were no longer connected to her brain, no longer accepting commands. At that point, she became frightened. An overwhelming, claustrophobic fear seized her: she
was
a statue.
As though her mind could only take so much of this stress, she began to pull away, teetering on the edge between a dream and wakefulness. Finally, her mind told her that she was only dreaming, it was only a nightmare, and she felt the relief rush through her like a winter breath. She began to feel her bedsheets on her skin and sensed the sallow light from her eastward window. She struggled to come out of the dream and open her eyes, but it would not happen. The feeling that something terrible was happening, a taste of the nightmare, remained.
T
here were things she knew even through her closed eyes: in the morning, the drapes opened and the lamps were extinguished, the smell of gas still streaming from the wick. When the drapes closed again in the afternoon heat, it was like a heavy cloud passing in front of the sun. She could smell the purple, bearded iris that her mother kept in a vase on the piano. And she remembered how she ended up in bed, when drowsy, feverish, and weak, she had fallen down the stairs of her parents’ home.
There were things she could not know with her eyes closed: the passing of time. Time, after all, is a fixed point in life we take for granted. To lose it is like losing balance. She could not feel herself, or at least how to control herself. Her body no longer answered to her mind. She was imprisoned by bars of bone in a windowless cell. And she did not know the strange voices that came and went from her room, mingling with the sound of her parents’ voices. She heard them discuss how many weeks of school she had missed; she heard them say
“sleeping sickness.”
The year was 1929, and at the time, Virginia and her family had no way of knowing she was joining millions of others suffering from a strange, global pandemic—a disease that would change medicine itself, but vanish from medical history. A disease that would kill close to a million people and leave thousands more languishing in mental institutions for the rest of their lives. An epidemic that nearly a century later remains a mystery, but could strike again.
V
irginia’s mother spoke to her in that calm tone of voice used for bloodied shins or turned ankles, and her room was filled with the muffled voices of doctors. What was most frightening was the uncertainty in their voices. They did not know what had caused this in a healthy teenage girl, and worse, they did not know how to stop this endless sleep. Her temperature was taken several times and noted on her chart. She felt the doctor’s hand against her wrist and on the stem of artery along her neck. And then, over the course of the days and weeks, she heard the doctors pronounce her dead—three different times. Each time, she listened to her parents weep and heard them make plans for her viewing and burial.
