American Psychosis (38 page)

23
. R. Blumenthal, “Emotionally Ill Pose Growing Burden to Police,”
New York Times
, November 16, 1989; S. Cochran, M. W. Deane, and R. Borum, “Improving Police Response to Mentally Ill People,”
Psychiatric Services 51
, no. 10 (2000): 1315–1316.

24
. T. L. Kuhlman, “Unavoidable Tragedies in Madison, Wisconsin: A Third View,”
Hospital and Community Psychiatry 43
, no. 1 (1992): 72–73.

25
. A. Karras and D. B. Otis, “A Comparison of Inpatients in an Urban State Hospital in 1975 and 1982,”
Hospital and Community Psychiatry 38
, no. 9 (1987): 963–967.

26
. D. E. Wilcox, “The Relationship of Mental Illness to Homicide,”
American Journal of Forensic Psychiatry 6
, no. 1 (1985): 3–15; F. Grunberg, B. I. Klinger, and B. R. Grumet, “Homicide and Community-Based Psychiatry,”
Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 166
, no. 12 (1978): 868–874; F. Grunberg, B. I. Klinger, and B. Grumet, “Homicide and Deinstitutionalization of the Mentally Ill,”
American Journal of Psychiatry 134
, no. 6 (1977): 685–687.

27
. National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors Research Institute, “Closing and Reorganizing State Psychiatric Hospitals: 2003,”
State Profile Highlights
, March 2004.

28
. This and the related information on the Illinois nursing homes was taken from a series by Michael J. Berens in the
Chicago Tribune
, September 27–October 28, 1998 (“Dangerous Bedfellows”; “With State Help, Nursing Homes Open Door to Mentally Ill”; “A History of Violence”; “A Tragic Path toward Death”; “Mentally Ill ‘Vanish’ “; “The Bed Brokers”; “State Moves to Separate Mentally Ill, Elderly”; “Inquiry Set on Housing Mentally Ill”; “State Cashes in on Sham Diagnoses”).

29
. “Nursing Home Patients Were Killed, State Says,”
Riverside (CA) Press-Enterprise
, August 14, 1995; M. Winerip, “For Adult Homes This One Ranks among the Worst,”
New York Times
, August 17, 1990; R. Winton and P. Y. Hong, “Woman Found Locked Away Had Fallen through System,”
Los Angeles Times
, April 7, 1997.

30
. Torrey et al.,
Care of the Seriously Mentally Ill
, 167; E. Fuller Torrey,
Out of the Shadows: Confronting America’s Mental Illness Crisis
(New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1997), 62–65.

31
. H. G. Cisneros, “The Lonely Death on My Doorstep,”
Washington Post
, December 5, 1993; L. A. Goodman, M. A. Dutton, and M. Harris, “Episodically Homeless Women with Serious Mental Illness: Prevalence of Physical and Sexual Assault,”
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 65
, no. 4 (1995): 468–478.

32
. B. Mandel, “The Homeless Are a Cancer on City’s Soul,”
San Francisco Examiner
, January 14, 1990; L. Ludlow, “Over the Edge and on the Streets: Mentally Ill Homeless near Crisis in S.F.,”
San Francisco Chronicle
, December 27, 1987; Letter to the author, August 1992.

33
. C. W. Dugger, “Threat Only When on Crack, Homeless Man Foils System,”
New York Times
, September 3, 1992.

34
. M. Fiegel, “The Rip Van Winkle of Psychiatry” (letter),
Wall Street Journal
, March 30, 1994; S. Sandler, “The West Side Has Lost Patience,”
New York Times
, November 17, 1992;
Matthew P. Dumont,
Treating the Poor: A Personal Sojourn through the Rise and Fall of Community Mental Health
(Belmont, MA: Dymphna Press, 1992), 2; L. Holloway, “Airport Homeless: A Long Pleasant Layover,”
New York Times
, February 3, 1995; G. F. Will, “A Right to Live on the Sidewalk?”
Washington Post
, November 19, 1987.

35
. S. Robitaille, “Statistics Paint Picture of a System in Distress,”
Mercury News
(San Jose, CA), February 16, 1992; D. Gamino, “Jail Rivals State Hospital in Mentally Ill Population,”
Austin American-Statesman
, April 17, 1993; “Mentally Ill and Ignorant” (editorial),
Cleveland Plain Dealer
, September 8, 1994; M. Hornbeck, “Mentally Ill Flood Prisons,”
Detroit News
, December 4, 1997; D. Romboy, “S. L. Urged to Tackle Mental-Health Issue,”
Deseret News
(Salt Lake City, UT), October 19, 1999; R. L. Elliott, “Jailing Mentally Ill for Minor Offenses Helps No One,”
Atlanta Journal-Constitution
, April 4, 2002; D. Schanche Jr., “Prisons: A Costly Answer to Mental Health Care,”
Macon (GA) Telegraph
, January 28, 2002.

36
. Y. C. Hammett, “Prisons Fail to Help Mentally Ill,”
Stuart News/Port St. Lucie News
(FL), April 29, 1998; “1 in 10 inmates in Dallas Jail Is Mentally Ill,”
Austin American-Statesman
, May 31, 1992; M. J. Grinfeld, “Report Focuses on Jailed Mentally Ill: L.A. Task Force Seeks Change, Tight Budgets May Delay Reform,”
Psychiatric Times
, July 1993; S. Downing, “A Third of Inmates in County Jails Mentally Ill, Survey Finds,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis, TN), March 30, 1999; Paula M. Ditton,
Mental Health and Treatment of Inmates and Probationers
(Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report, US Department of Justice, July 1999).

37
. J. R. Husted, R. A. Charter, and B. Perrou, “California Law Enforcement Agencies and the Mentally Ill Offender,”
Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 23
, no. 3 (1995): 315–329; E. Bumiller, “In Wake of Attack, Giuliani Cracks Down on Homeless,”
New York Times
, November 20, 1999; S. Downing, “Mentally Ill Woman Sent to State Facility,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis, TN), March 10, 1999.

38
. Ventura County Grand Jury Report,
Fatal Shootings in Ventura County by Law Enforcement Officers, 1992–2001
(Ventura County, CA: Office of the Ventura County District Attorney, undated); Anthony Baez Foundation,
Stolen Lives, Killed by Law Enforcement
(New York: National Lawyers Guild, 1999); J. J. Fyfe, “Policing the Emotionally Disturbed,”
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 28
, no. 3 (2000): 345–347; “Mental Illness Frequently Deepens the Tragedy of Police Shootings,”
Seattle Post-Intelligencer
, May 25, 2000; B. P. Kraft, “Suspect Pleads Guilty in Slaying of Police Officer,”
Jackson (MS) Clarion-Ledger
, July 10, 1993; C. N. Hart, “Tragedy Raises Many Questions,”
Mental Health Advocate
(Alliance for the Mentally Ill of Minnesota), September/October 1993; “Cop Killer Was Hostile Loner Who Liked to Feed Birds,”
Kalispell (MT) Daily Inter Lake
, October 3, 1994; “N.M. Gunfire Kills Three,”
Denver Post
, May 28, 1994; D. Holden, “Relatives Say Zmyewski Was Severely Mentally Ill,”
Huntsville (AL) Times
, November 27, 1994; C. Quinn, “Officer Dies of Gunshot Wound,”
Winston-Salem Journal
(NC), March 1, 1995. Russell E. Weston Jr., a man with paranoid schizophrenia, shot two Capitol police officers to death at the US Capitol building on July 24, 1998. Francis Mario Zito, a forty-two-year-old man with a long history of mental illness, was convicted of murdering a Queen Anne’s County, Maryland, sheriff’s deputy and a Centreville, Maryland, police officer on February 13, 2001. James Logan, a twenty-three-year-old with schizophrenia, shot and killed two Prince George’s County, Maryland, sheriff’s deputies in August 2001, when they came to his home and attempted to take him for an emergency psychiatric evaluation. See M. Roig-Franzia, “Suspect Battled Schizophrenia: Man Held in Officers’ Slayings Has History of Violent Outbursts,”
Washington Post
, February 15, 2001, and “Suspect Sought in
Deaths of Deputies,” WBAL Channel News (MD), August 30, 2002,
http://www.wbalchannel.com
.

39
. Donald M. Steinwachs, Judith D. Kasper, and Elizabeth A. Skinner,
Family Perspectives on Meeting the Needs for Care of Severely Mentally Ill Relatives: A National Survey
(Arlington, VA: National Alliance for the Mentally Ill, 1992); B. G. Link, H. Andrews, and F. T. Cullen, “The Violent and Illegal Behavior of Mental Patients Reconsidered,”
American Sociological Review 57
, no. 3 (1992): 275–292; J. Monahan, “Mental Disorder and Violent Behavior,”
American Psychologist 47
, no. 4 (1992): 511–521.

40
. Keith Ablow,
The Strange Case of Dr. Kappler: The Doctor Who Became a Killer
(New York: Free Press, 1994); B. Miller, “Woman Freed on Insanity Plea Held in New Slaying,”
Washington Post
, July 10, 1993, and P. Davis and B. Miller, “Police Had Warning of Violence,”
Washington Post
, July 13, 1993; B. Coddington, “Attorneys: Spare Man Death Penalty; Murderer Is No Threat to Public, Other Inmates,”
Spokesman-Review
(Spokane, WA), September 30, 1998; T. Alex, “Truck Hits Car, Killing 1,”
Des Moines Register
, September 29, 1998; Associated Press, “Need Seen to Plug Holes in Care of Mentally Ill,” February 21, 1999.

41
. F. Fessenden, “Rampage Killers: They Threaten, Seethe and Unhinge, Then Kill in Quantity,”
New York Times
, April 9, 2000.

42
. In 1900, there were 150,000 hospitalized patients and a population of 76 million. In 1955, there were 559,000 patients and a population of 165 million. In 2000, there were 55,000 patients and a population of 281 million; Scull, “A New Trade in Lunacy”; J. A. Talbott, “Deinstitutionalization: Avoiding the Disasters of the Past,”
Hospital and Community Psychiatry
30, no. 9 (1979): 621–624.

Chapter 7

1
. L. Davidson et al., “Peer Support among Adults with Serious Mental Illness: A Report from the Field,”
Schizophrenia Bulletin 32
, no. 3 (2006): 443–450; A. O. Ahmed et al., “Peers and Peer-Led Interventions for People with Schizophrenia,”
Psychiatric Clinics of North America 35
, no. 3 (2012): 699–715.

2
. L. Davidson et al., “The Top Ten Concerns about Recovery Encountered in Mental Health System Transformation,”
Psychiatric Services 57
, no. 5 (2006): 640–645. See also S. A. Peebles et al., “Recovery and Systems Transformation for Schizophrenia,”
Psychiatric Clinics of North America 30
, no. 3 (2007): 567–583, and F. J. Frese, E. L. Knight, and E. Saks, “Recovery from Schizophrenia: With Views of Psychiatrists, Psychologists, and Others Diagnosed with This Disorder,”
Schizophrenia Bulletin 35
, no. 2 (2009): 370–380.

3
. D. J. Rissmiller and J. H. Rissmiller, “Evolution of the Antipsychiatry Movement into Mental Health Consumerism,”
Psychiatric Services 57
, no. 6 (2006): 863–866.

4
. E. Fuller Torrey et al.,
No Room at the Inn: Trends and Consequences of Closing Public Psychiatric Hospitals
(Arlington, VA: Treatment Advocacy Center, 2012); E. Fuller Torrey et al.,
The Shortage of Public Hospital Beds for Mentally Ill Persons
(Arlington, VA: Treatment Advocacy Center, 2008).

5
. A. Simmons, “Prisons See More Inmates Requiring Mental Health Care,”
Gwinnett (GA) Daily Post
, July 30, 2006; “Jail Situation Is Insane” (editorial),
Rome (GA) News Tribune
, December 19, 2011; E. Fuller Torrey et al.,
More Mentally Ill Persons Are in Jails and Prisons Than Hospitals: A Survey of the States
(Arlington, VA: Treatment Advocacy Center, 2010).

6
. Associated Press, “Official Says State Prisons Like a ‘Mental Health Center,’ ”
Athens (AL) News Courier
, December 21, 2007; “After Closing Psychiatric Hospitals, Michigan
Incarcerates Mentally Ill,”
Detroit Free Press
, November 27, 2011; A. Schrader, “Better to Aid Mentally Ill Outside of Jail, Report Says,”
Denver Post
, April 19, 2008.

7
. J. Mozingo, “Jailing the Ill,”
Miami Herald
, November 15, 2007; L. Hammack, “Jail Can Offer Temporary Refuge for Those Suffering from Mental Illness,”
Roanoke (VA) Times
, October 15, 2007; N. Satija, “Toledo Area Jails Facing Growing Numbers of the Mentally Ill: Inmate Influx Is Attributed to Fewer Hospitals,”
Toledo Blade
(OH), August 30, 2009; B. Grissom, “Sheriffs Worry over Proposed Mental Health Cuts,”
Texas Tribune
, December 16, 2010; “Mentally Ill Need Treatment, Not Jail,”
WWLP
(Boston), February 2, 2012,
http://www.wwlp.com/dpp/news/politics/state_politics/Mentally-ill-need-treatment-not-jail
; C. Dettro, “Mentally Ill Create ‘Crisis’ for Law Enforcement, Officials Say,”
State Journal-Register
(IL), September 19, 2012; D. J. James and L. E. Glaze,
Mental Health Problems of Prison and Jail Inmates
(Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, US Department of Justice, 2006).

8
. A. Hermes, “Boone County Struggles to Meet Mental Health Care Needs for Inmates,”
Missourian
, December 17, 2007; L. Monsewicz, “Stark County Jail Can Be a Dangerous Place,”
CantonRep.com
(OH), October 19, 2011,
http://www.cantonrep.com/news/x984143026/Stark-County-Jail-can-be-a-dangerous-place
; C. Gross, “Rikers Island Struggles with Record Mental Illness Numbers,” NY1.com, September 30, 2011,
http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/148187/rikers-island-struggles-with-record-mental-illness-numbers
; B. Hall, “Mentally Ill Fill Prisons with Sometimes Deadly Results,”
NewsChannel 5
(TN), May 9, 2011,
http://www.newschannel5.com/story/14602818/mentally-ill-fill-prisons-with-sometimes-deadly-results?clienttype=printable
.