American Language Supplement 2 (120 page)

4
New Jersey: Some Early Place Names, by C. C. Vermeule; New Series, Vol. X, pp. 241–52, and Vol. XI, pp. 151–60.

5
Origin of New Jersey Names, by John Venable. The first two appeared in the Perth Amboy
Evening News
, but I have been unable to determine the exact dates. I am indebted here to Miss Katharine L. McCormick, of Perth Amboy.

6
Originally,
Barende-gat
, meaning an inlet with a heavy surf. See
Barnegat
, by A. R. Dunlap,
American Speech
, Oct., 1938, pp. 232–33. According to
Poughkeepsie:
the Origin and Meaning of the Word, by Helen Wilkinson Reynolds; Poughkeepsie, 1924, p. 69, the term also designated a lime-kiln.

7
Ghost Towns, by Alfred S. Campbell,
Holiday
(preview issue), p. 83.

8
New Mexico Folk Etymologies,
El Palacio
, Oct., 1943, pp. 229–34.

9
I am indebted here to Mr. J. Nixon Hadley, of Evanston, Ill.

1
Indian Names in New York; Fayetteville (N.Y.), 1893. In 1907 this was reissued, greatly expanded, by the New York State Museum under the title of Aboriginal Place-Names of New York. I am indebted here to Mr. Alvin G. Whitney.

2
Some Indian Names of Places on Long Island, N. Y., and Their Correspondences in Virginia,
Magazine of New England History
, July, 1891, pp. 154–58; Indian Place Names on Long Island and Islands Adjacent; New York, 1911.

3
For example, J. Dyneley Prince in Fragments From Babel; New York, 1939, pp. 165–71. Only a year after Schoolcraft B. F. Thompson printed a paper on the Indian names of Long Island in the
Proceedings of the New York Historical Society
, 1845, pp. 125–31.

4
Mannahatta
, by John Howard Birss,
American Speech
, April, 1934, pp. 154–55. See also
American Speech
, April, 1930, p. 444.

5
Poughkeepsie:
the Origin and Meaning of the Word, by Helen Wilkinson Reynolds, before cited. In The Ithaca Dialect,
Dialect Notes
, Vol. I, Part III, 1891, Oliver Farrar Emerson recorded some local pronunciations of Indian names,
e.g., Chenang
for
Chenango, Tiog
for
Tioga, Cayugy
for
Cayuga
and
Weego
for
Owego
.

6
Kromme Ellebog:
A Seventeenth Century Place-Name in the Hudson Valley, by Helen Wilkinson Reynolds, Yearbook of the Dutchess County Historical Society; Poughkeepsie, 1933, pp. 58–68. I am indebted here to Mrs. Amy Ver Nooy.

7
It was approved in an editorial in the
Democratic Reflector
of Hamilton, March 26, 1845. I am indebted here to Mr. Charles J. Lovell.

8
Pronunciation of Upstate New York Place-Names,
American Speech
, Dec., pp. 250–65. A State Board of Geographic Names was set up by Chapter 187 of the Acts of 1913, but it has been inactive.

9
The Names of the Counties of North Carolina and the History Involved in Them; Winston, 1888.

10
Some curious specimens from the mountain section are recorded by Josiah Combs in Language of the Southern Highlanders,
Publications

1
It was read before the State D.A.R. at Toledo, Oct. 29, 1903, and published in
Publications of the Ohio Archeological & Historical Society
, June, 1905, pp. 272–90.

2
But Wooster is not a respelling of the Eastern (and English)
Worcester
. Lowell W. Coolidge shows in
Words
, March, 1937, p. 60, that it was actually named after a Major-General David
Wooster
, of the Revolutionary Army. For
Cincinnati
see
American Speech
, Jan., 1926, p. 226.

3
American Speech
, Dec., 1939, p. 315. There is a State Geographic Board, and a report on its work was published in the
North Dakota Historical Quarterly
, Oct., 1927, pp. 53–56, but that work does not seem to have been productive.

4
Oklahoma Place Names; Norman (Okla.), 1933.

5
Some Geographic Names of French Origin in Oklahoma, by Muriel H. Wright,
Chronicles of Oklahoma
, June, 1929, pp. 188–93.

1
The Source of the Name
Oregon, American Speech
, April, 1944, pp. 115–17.

2
Stewart is supported in
Ouaricon
and
Oregon
, by Frederick Bracher,
American Speech
, Oct., 1946, pp. 185–87. In Features of the New North-West,
Century Magazine
, Feb., 1883, p. 553, E. V. Smalley noted some of the curious place-names of the State,
e.g., Glad Tidings, Needy, Sublimity, Hardscrabble, Humbug, Whiskeytown, Louse
creek,
Jump-off Joe
creek and
Eltopia
(from
hell to pay
).
Sublimity, Humbug
creek, and two
Whiskey
creeks and one
Whiskey
run still survive.

3
State College (Pa.), 1925.

4
Place Names and Altitudes of Pennsylvania Mountains; Altoona, 1923.

5
Indian Local Names With Their Interpretation; York, 1888. In 1822 the Rev. John G. E. Heckewelder (AL4, p. 110) published a work on the Lenni-Lennape or Delaware Indian place-names of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland and Virginia.

6
A History of the Indian Villages and Place Names in Pennsylvania; Harrisburg, 1928. Donehoo also collaborated with Shoemaker in Changing Historic Place Names in Pennsylvania; Altoona, 1921.

7
The Place Names of Tioga County, Pennsylvania,
American Speech
, Oct., 1939, pp. 181–90. This is an excellent paper and lists more than 150 names. A Pennsylvania Geographic Board was set up in 1923, and three years later it published a list of decisions (
American Speech
, Dec., 1926, pp. 163–64). An amendment of 1929 made it consist of the Secretary of Forests and Water, the Secretary of Highways, the chairman of the State Historical and Museum Commission, and an officer of the Department of Internal Affairs. Its chairman in 1947 was Admiral Milo S. Draemel U.S.N., ret.

1
Dr. Raven I. McDavid, Jr., in the course of his studies for the projected Linguistic Atlas of the South Atlantic States, has picked up some picturesque names in South Carolina,
e.g., Hell Hole Swamp, Gobbler’s Knob, Pumpkinville, Tiger-town
and
Fingerville
. A suburb of Greenville is
Apeyard
, and a section of Greenville county is
’Possum Kingdom
.

2
Ehrensperger was born in Indiana and educated at Harvard, where he became Ph.D. in 1921. He later studied at Bonn and at Lund (Sweden) with Eilert Ekwall, editor of the Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names, and the greatest living authority upon the subject. After seven years at Wellesley Ehrensperger went to South Dakota in 1932.

3
Our Southern Highlanders; New York, 1921, pp. 299–304.

4
Smoky Mountains History as Told in Place-Names,
Publications of the East Tennessee Historical Society
, Vol. VI, 1934, pp. 3–11, and (with Myron H. Avery) The Nomenclature of the Great Smoky Mountains, the same, Vol. IX, 1937, pp. 53–64.

5
Classical Place Names in Tennessee,
Word Study
, Nov., 1933, pp. 7–8.

6
Place Names in the Cumberland Mountains,
American Speech
, Dec., 1929, p. 113.

1
Muscle
Shoals, not
Mussel
Shoals, is correct for the rapids and dam on the Tennessee river. The reasons therefor were set forth at length in Why
Muscle
Shoals?, by Gerard H. Matthes, New York
Times
(editorial page), May 9, 1926.

2
Terrell (Texas), 1936.

3
Stories in Texas Names,
Southwest Review
, Jan., 1936, pp. 125–36; April, 1936, pp. 278–94, and July, 1936, pp. 411–17.

4
The History and Geography of Texas as Told in County Names; Austin, 1915; new edition, 1926.

5
For example, Beauty and Humor in Texas Place Names, by Tennessee Farris, Dallas
Morning News
, Nov. 2, 1930; Around the Plaza, by Jeff Davis, San Antonio
Light
, June 9, 1936; Firearms and Texas Towns, by W. E. Dancy,
American Rifleman
, Feb., 1938. A brief note by Artemisia Baer Bryson is in
American Speech
, June, 1928, p. 436.

6
Origins of Utah Place Names; Salt Lake City, June, 1938; third edition, March, 1940.

7
It is defined therein (Ether II, 3) as meaning a honey bee. A beehive is still the State emblem and appears on the State seal.

8
Whether or not
Utah
is identical with
Eutaw
seems to be in doubt. The latter is a frequent place-name in the South, where it commemorates the battle of
Eutaw Springs
, S. C., fought Sept. 8, 1781.

1
The Rev. Samuel A. Peters (1735–1826), whose General History of Connecticut; London, 1781, is still considered scandalous in that State, claimed to be the sponsor of
Vermont
. This was in 1768 and he called it
Verdmont
. His claim appears in his History of the Rev. Hugh Peters; New York, 1807. There is an account of him in Supplement I, pp. 211–12.

2
Virginia County Names: Two Hundred Years of Virginia History; New York, 1908. It was followed by Virginia County Names, by M. P. Robinson,
Bulletin of the Virginia State Library
, Vol. IX, 1916, pp. 1–283.

3
Topographic Terms in Virginia,
American Speech
, Feb., pp. 3–38; April, pp. 149–79; Oct., pp. 262–300; Dec., 381–419. These papers were reissued in one volume as
American Speech Reprints and Monographs
, No. 3; New York, 1940. They will be noticed presently.

4
A master’s thesis on French Place-Names in Virginia, by J. W. Gordon, of the University of Virginia, was noted in
American Speech
, Feb., 1937, p. 73. The manuscript is in the Virginia room at the university. A brief discussion of the Virginia custom of speaking of counties without adding
county
to their names, by Atcheson L. Hench, is in
American Speech
, April, 1944, p. 153.

5
Origin of Washington Geographic Names; Seattle, 1923. The contents of this work were published serially in the
Washington Historical Quarterly
, 1917–23. Meany also published Indian Geographic Names of Washington; Seattle, 1908.

6
A Geographical Dictionary of Washington,
Bulletin of the Washington Geological Survey
, No. 17, 1917.

7
Some of the founders of West Virginia wanted to call it
Kanawha
, but in the constitutional convention of 1862
West Virginia
won by 30 votes to 9.
Western Virginia, Allegheny
and
Augusta
received two each.
Columbia
and
New Virginia
were also proposed, but they got no votes.

1
Geographical Names in Wisconsin, Minnesota and Michigan, before cited.

2
Origin and Meaning of Wisconsin Place-Names, With Special Reference to Indian Nomenclature,
Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters;
Vol. XIV, No. 1, 1903, pp. 16–39.

3
Not yet published at the time of the present writing. It will run to 1500 entries. The Federal Writers’ Project produced a 50-page mimeographed pamphlet, Wisconsin Place Name Legends, but the edition was exhausted before I could collar a copy.

4
Wyoming Stream Names, by Dee Linford; Cheyenne, 1944.

5
Some Wyoming Place Names; Laramie, 1942. An enlargement of a paper read before the Western Folklore Conference at Denver, July 9, 1942.

6
It has issued no reports since its nineteenth in 1930. I am indebted here to Mr. P. E. Palmer, its secretary.

1
Le Petit Journal
, Montreal, Nov. 22, 1931.

2
The Quebec Geographic Board has changed
Makamik
to
Macamic
but the Geographic Board of Canada sticks to
Makamik
.

3
Les Noms Géographiques de la Province de Québec; Lévis (Quebec), 1906.

4
His monographs appeared in the
Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada
from 1895 onward.

5
Place-Names of Newfoundland,
Canadian Geographical Journal
, Dec., 1944, pp. 255–63. Keenleyside notes the refreshing absence of
Centervilles, Fairviews
and
New Londons
from the Newfoundland map, and praises the bold picturesqueness of many of its geographical names,
e.g., Empty Basket, Breakheart Point, Milliner’s Arm, Dog Pen, Hog’s Nose, Lord and Lady, Burnt Arm, Iron Skull, Blow-me-Down, Ha Ha, Stepaside, Cuckold’s Cove, Pick Eyes, Horse Chops, St. Jones, Femme
, and
Our Lady’s Bubbies
(two islets in the Strait of Belle Isle). He protests against the Philistinism which has induced the Nomenclature Board to change
Maggotty Cove to Hoylestown
and
Mother Hicks
to
Regina
.

6
The Origin and Meaning of Place Names in Canada; Toronto, 1930. This work contains a bibliography.

7
British Columbia Coast Names, 1592–1906; Ottawa, 1909. Some of the Indian names of the British Columbia coast are formidable,
e.g., Ahwhichaolto, Coqueisenejigh, Nequiltpaalis
and
Incomappbeaux
.

8
Indian Place Names in Ontario; Toronto, 1930.

1
Gananoque:
the Name and Its Origin; Aouan Island, 1942.
Gananoque
is the name of a river, a lake and a town in southern Ontario. Eames traces it to an Iroquois term meaning “the door to the flint at the mountain.” He records 42 different spellings, including
Gaunuhnauqueeng
and
Guansignougua
, and in a mimeographed appendix he adds 13 more.