American Experiment (411 page)

[“
Please, God
—
a priest
”]: quoted in Brinkley, p. 84.

58
[
Stegner on Coughlin
’
s voice
]: Stegner, “The Radio Priest and His Flock,” in Isabel Leighton, ed.,
The Aspirin Age, 1919-1941
(Simon and Schuster, 1949), p. 234.

[
Detroit in the depression
]: B. J. Widick,
Detroit: City of Race and Class Violence
(Quadrangle, 1972), ch. 3.

[“
A detriment
”]: quoted in Schlesinger,
Upheaval,
pp. 18-19.

[“
Four Horsemen
”]:
ibid.,
p. 18.

[
Coughlin on Smith
]: see Marcus, p. 64.

[
Coughlin on O
’
Connell
]: quoted in Bennett, p. 59.

[
Coughlin in 1934
]: Brinkley, pp. 119-20; Marcus, pp. 54-56, 61-62.

[
Coughlin in 1932 campaign
]: Brinkley, pp. 107-8; Marcus, pp. 44-48.

[“
Roosevelt or Ruin
”]: quoted in Brinkley, p. 108.

[“
Christ
’
s Deal
”]:
ibid.

[
Coughlin
’
s letters to FDR
]: see Bennett, p. 38; Brinkley, p. 109.

[
Coughlin and White House
]: Tull, ch. 2; Brinkley, pp. 108-10.

59
[
Coughlin and CBS
]: Brinkley, pp. 99-101.

[
Coughlin
’
s audience
]:
ibid.,
pp. 196-207.

[
Coughlin-FDR divergence
]: Tull, pp. 52-58; Marcus, pp. 58-70; Brinkley, pp. 124-27, 178-79, 244-46.

[
National Union for Social Justice
]: Marcus, ch. 5; Tull, ch. 3.

[“
Organized lobby
”]: quoted in Brinkley, pp. 133-34.

[
Long
]: T. Harry Williams,
Huey Long
(Knopf, 1969); Harnett T. Kane,
Louisiana

Hayride: The American Rehearsal for Dictatorship, 1928-1940
(Morrow, 1941); Huey Pierce Long,
Every Man a King
(National Book Co., 1933); Brinkley, chs. 1-3 and p
assim:
Huey P. Long Papers, General Correspondence, Louisiana State University

Library; Glen Jeansonne, “The Apotheosis of Huey P. Long: A Critique of
Huey Long
”

(typescript, n.d.); Lipset and Raab, pp. 189-99.

[
Long
’
s use of radio
]: Williams, pp. 203, 629-30.

60
[
Long
’
s
“
facts and figures
”]: Brinkley, p. 72.

[“
Come to my feast
”]: quoted in
ibid.,
pp. 71-72.

60
[
Share Our Wealth plan
]:
ibid.,
pp. 72-73, quoted at p. 72; Kane, pp. 121-24; see also Arnold Shankman, “The Five-Day Plan and the Depression,”
The Historian,
vol. 43, no. 3 (May 1981), pp. 393-409; see also Sender Garlin,
The Real Huey P. Long
(Workers Library Publishers, 1935), a Communist party attack on Long.

[“
Some great minds
”]: quoted in Brinkley, p. 73.

[
Mencken on Long
]:
ibid.

[
Brinkley on Long
’
s plan
]:
ibid.,
p. 74.

61
[
Long
’
s Louisiana
]: V. O. Key, Jr.,
Southern Politics in State and Nation
(Knopf, 1949), ch. 8; Allan P. Sindler,
Huey Long
’
s Louisiana: State Politics, 1920-1952
(Johns Hopkins Press, 1956), esp. ch. 1.

[
Long
’
s hold on Louisiana politics
]: Brinkley, pp. 22-35, 67-70; Williams, pp. 712-36; see also Kane, pp. 102-15; Hodding Carter, “Huey Long: American Dictator,”
American Mercury,
vol. 48, no. 304 (April 1949), pp. 435-47.

[
Long at 1932 convention
]: Williams, pp. 571-82; Long, chs. 32-33.

62
[
Long on FDR
]: quoted in Brinkley, p. 46; see also Williams, p. 6.

[
Long
’
s opposition to Hundred Days
]: Williams, pp. 627-36; see also Michael J. Cassity, “Huey Long: Barometer of Reform in the New Deal,”
South Atlantic Quarterly,
vol. 72, no. 2 (Spring 1973), pp. 255-69.

[
Long at White House
]: James A. Farley,
Behind the Ballots
(Harcourt, 1938), pp. 240-42, Long quoted at p. 242.

[
Administration action against Long
]: Williams, pp. 636-38, 689-92, 793-98, 812-13; Brinkley, pp. 79-81; Farley,
Ballots,
pp. 251-52.

[
Hoot owl and scrootch owl
]: quoted in Kane, p. 101.

[
Share Our Wealth Society
]: Williams, pp. 692-98, 700-2; Long Papers, General Correspondence, 1934-35.

[
Share Our Wealth membership
]: Williams, p. 700; see also Raymond Gram Swing, “The Menace of Huey Long: III,”
Nation,
vol. 140, no. 3629 (January 23, 1935), pp. 98-100.

[
Long
’
s communications kingdom
]: Brinkley, pp. 62, 70-71, 169; Williams, pp. 641-47; collection of radio speeches, Long Papers.

The Politics of Tumult

63
[
Condition of FDR
’
s staff, midterm
]: Beatrice Bishop Berle and Travis Beal Jacobs, eds.,
Navigating the Rapids, 1918-1971: From the Papers of Adolf A. Berle
(Harcourt, 1973), p. 102; Berle Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, N.Y.; Schlesinger,
Upheaval,
p. 212; Harold L. Ickes,
The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes
(Simon and Schuster, 1953-54), vol 1., p. 303; Joseph P. Lash,
Eleanor and Franklin
(Norton, 1971), pp. 435-36.

[“
A democracy after all
”]: quoted in Lash, p. 437; see also Molly Dewson Papers, Roosevelt Library.

[
Agriculture in first New Deal]:
Raper, pp. 243-53; Georgia tenants’ conversation quoted at p. 245; Theodore Saloutos and John D. Hicks,
Agricultural Discontent in the Middle West, 1900-1939
(University of Wisconsin Press, 1959), ch. 17; Theodore Saloutos,
The American Farmer and the New Deal
(Iowa State University Press, 1982), chs. 3-7; Bernard Sternsher,
Rexford Tugwell and the New Deal
(Rutgers University Press, 1964), chs. 15-22; C. Roger Lambert, “Want and Plenty: The Federal Surplus Relief Corporation and the AAA,”
Agricultural History,
vol. 46, no. 3 (July 1972), pp. 390-400; Irvin May, Jr., “Cotton and Cattle: The FSRC and Emergency Work Relief,”
ibid.,
pp. 401-13.

[
Agricultural lobbying groups
]: Saloutos and Hicks, chs. 8-9; John L. Shover,
Cornbelt Rebellion: The Farmers
’
Holiday Association
(University of Illinois Press, 1965), chs. 9-11; Wesley McCune,
The Farm Bloc
(Doubleday, Doran, 1943); Orville Merton Kile,
The Farm Bureau Through Three Decades
(Waverly Press, 1948), esp. chs. 16-17; John A. Crampton,
The National Farmers
’
Union: Ideology of a Pressure Group
(University of Nebraska Press, 1965); James L. Guth, “The National Cooperative Council and Farm Relief, 1929-1942,”
Agricultural History,
vol. 51, no. 2 (April 1977), pp. 441-58; Robert L. Tontz, “Memberships of General Farmers’ Organizations, United States, 1874-1960,”
ibid.,
vol. 38, no. 3 (July 1964), pp. 143-60; Lee J. Alston and Joseph P. Ferrie, “Resisting the Welfare State: Southern Opposition to the Farm Security Administration,”
Research in Economic History
(JAI Press, 1985), Suppl. 4, pp. 83-120.

65
[
Talmadge
’
s agricultural policies
]: see Raper, pp. 225-28.

66
[
1935 AAA
“
purge
”]: Sternsher, ch. 16; Saloutos,
American Farmer,
ch. 8; Richard Lowitt, “Henry A. Wallace and the 1935 Purge in the Department of Agriculture,”
Agricultural History,
vol. 53, no. 3 (July 1979), pp. 607-21.

[
Townsend and Townsend Movement
]: Bennett, chs. 10-12; Abraham Holtzman,
The Townsend Movement: A Political Study
(Bookman Associates, 1963), chs. 2-3; The Committee on Old Age Security of the Twentieth Century Fund,
The Townsend Crusade
(Twentieth Century Fund, 1936); Schlesinger,
Upheaval,
ch. 3.

67
[
Parsons on the elderly
]: quoted in Holtzman, p. 20.

[“
Until the whole country hears
”]: quoted in Brinkley, pp. 222-23.

[“
Onward, Townsend soldiers
”]: quoted in Schlesinger,
Upheaval,
p. 34.

68
[Time
inflation of Townsend clubs
]: vol. 25, no. 2 (January 14, 1935), p. 14. [
High on Townsend movement
]: quoted in Schlesinger,
Upheaval,
p. 34.

[
La Follette brothers
]: Donald Young, ed.,
Adventure in Politics: The Memoirs of Philip La Follette
(Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970), esp. ch. 17; Edward N. Doan,
The La Follettes and the Wisconsin Idea
(Rinehart, 1947); Schlesinger,
Upheaval,
pp. 104-8; John E. Miller, “Philip La Follette: Rhetoric and Reality,”
Historian,
vol. 45, no. 2 (February 1983), pp. 65-83.

[
FDR
’
s endorsement of Bob La Follette]:
Burns,
Lion,
p. 201.

[
Olson
]: Mayer; Schlesinger,
Upheaval,
pp. 98-104.

[
Olson on 1940
]: quoted in Schlesinger,
Upheaval,
p. 104.

69
[
EPIC and anti-EPIC campaigns
]: Upton Sinclair,
I
,
Candidate for Governor and How I Got Licked
(Upton Sinclair, 1935); “The Epic of Upton Sinclair,”
Nation,
vol. 139, no. 3617 (October 31, 1934), pp. 495-96; Royce D. Delmatier et al.,
The Rumble of California Politics, 1848-1970
(Wiley, 1970), pp. 266-67, 272-80; Luther Whiteman and Samuel L. Lewis, “EPIC, or Politics for Use,” in Dennis Hale and Jonathan Eisen, eds.,
The California Dream
(Collier Books, 1968), pp. 63-71.

[
White House and Sinclair
’
s campaign
]: Sinclair,
Candidate,
chs. 15-17, 36; Schlesinger,
Upheaval,
pp. 115-17, 119-21; Lash, pp. 386-87.

[“
(I) Say nothing
”]: quoted in Lash, p. 387.

70
[
Sinclair
’
s books on campaign
]: Sinclair,
Candidate;
Sinclair,
I, Governor of California and How I Ended Poverty
(Upton Sinclair, 1933); for Lanny Budd, see Sinclair’s eleven-volume “World’s End” series (Viking, 1940-53).

[
Historians
’
and FDR
’
s
“
turn to the left
”]: see Robert S. McElvaine,
The Great Depression: America 1929-1941
(Times Books, 1984), pp. 261-63; Otis Graham, Jr., “Historians and the New Deal, 1944-1960,”
Social Studies,
vol. 54 (April 1963), pp. 133-40; Sternsher, ch. 11; Barton J. Bernstein, “The New Deal: The Conservative Achievements of Liberal Reform,” in Bernstein and Allen J. Matusow, eds.,
Twentieth-Century America: Recent Interpretations
(Harcourt, 1972), pp. 242-64.

[
FDR
’
s coolness to Wagner bill
]: see Joseph J. Huthmacher,
Senator Robert B. Wagner and the Rise of Urban Liberalism
(Atheneum, 1968), pp. 166-69, 189-90, 197-98.

[
1935 State of the Union address
]: January 4, 1935, in
Public Papers,
vol. 4, pp. 15-25, quoted at p. 25.

70-1
[“
Distinctly dispirited
”]:
Ickes Diary,
vol. 1, p. 306.

71
[
Chamber of Commerce conference
]:
New York Times,
May 1, 1935, pp. 1-2, Silas Strawn quoted at p. 1;
New York Times,
May 3, 1935, pp. 1, 4; Schlesinger,
Upheaval,
pp. 270-72.

72
[
Supreme Court invalidation of New Deal legislation
]:
Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan,
293 U.S. 388 (1935) (hot oil provisions of NRA);
Railroad Retirement Board
v.
Alton Railroad Co.,
295 U.S. 330 (1935);
Schechter
v.
United States,
295 U.S. 495 (1935) (NRA);
Louisville Joint Stock Land Bank
v.
Radford,
295 U.S. 555 (1935) (farm mortgage law);
United States
v.
Butler,
297 U.S. 1 (1936) (AAA);
Carter
v.
Carter Coal Co.,
298 U.S. 238 (1936) (Bituminous Coal Act);
Ashton
v.
Cameron County Water Improvement District No. 1,
298 U.S. 513 (1936) (Municipal Bankruptcy Act).

[
Gold Clause cases
]:
Perry
v.
United States,
294 U.S. 330 (1935);
United States
v.
Bankers Trust Co.,
294 U.S. 240 (1935);
Norman
v.
Baltimore & Ohio R.R. Co.,
294 U.S. 240 (1935);
Nortz
v.
United States,
294 U.S. 317 (1935); McReynolds quoted in
Newsweek,
vol. 5, no. 8 (February 23, 1935), p. 7; John Morton Blum,
From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of Crisis, 1928-1938
(Houghton Mifflin, 1959), pp. 130-31. 72-3 [“
Shudder at the closeness
”]: letter to Angus D. MacLean, February 21, 1935, quoted in Schlesinger,
Upheaval,
p. 260.

73
[
FDR
’
s meeting with liberal senators
]: Max Freedman, annot.,
Roosevelt and Frankfurter: Their Correspondence, 1928-1945
(Little, Brown, 1967), pp. 269-72;
Ickes Diary,
vol. 1, pp. 363-64.

[“
Eleventh hour
”]: quoted in
Ickes Diary,
vol. 1, p. 363.

[
FDR
’
s press conference after NRA invalidation
]: May 31, 1935, in
Public Papers,
vol. 4, pp. 201-22, quoted at pp. 201, 202, 209, 221.

74
[“
Black-winged angel
”]: Schlesinger,
Upheaval,
p. 280.

[“
This is the end
”]: quoted in Philippa Strum,
Louis D. Brandeis: Justice for the People
(Harvard University Press, 1984), p. 352.