American Experiment (410 page)

[
Al Smith and the New Deal
]: Richard O’Connor,
The First Hurrah: A Biography of Alfred E. Smith
(Putnam, 1970), chs. 18-19; Oscar Handlin,
Al Smith and His America
(Little, Brown, 1958), ch. 8.

42-3
[
Founding of Liberty League
]: George Wolfskill,
The Revolt of the Conservatives: A History of the American Liberty League, 1934-1940
(Greenwood Press, 1962), pp. 23-25, 56-67; Frederick Rudolph, “The American Liberty League, 1934-1940,”
American Historical Review,
vol. 56, no. 1 (October 1950), pp. 19-33; Zilg, pp. 283-98; Seymour Martin Lipset and Earl Raab,
The Politics of Unreason: Right-Wing Extremism in America, 1790-1970
(Harper, 1970), pp. 200-2.

43
[
Shouse-FDR meeting
]: Wolfskill, pp. 27-28, quoted at p. 27.

[
FDR on
“
Commandments
”]: press conference 137, August 24, 1934, as quoted in James MacGregor Burns,
Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox
(Harcourt, 1956), pp. 206-8, and Schlesinger,
Coming, p.
487.

[
Conservative attack on New Deal
]: George Wolfskill and John A. Hudson,
All but the People: Franklin D. Roosevelt and His Critics, 1933-39
(Macmillan, 1969), pp. 161-62; collection of American Liberty League pamphlets at Sawyer Library, Williams College.

43-4
[
FDR
’
s threat to capitalists
’
self-esteem
]: see Burns,
Lion,
p. 240; Daniel Aaron, “Conservatism, Old and New,”
American Quarterly,
vol. 6, no. 2 (Summer 1954), pp. 99-110; Louis Hartz, “The Whig Tradition in America and Europe,”
American Political Science Review,
vol. 46, no. 4 (December 1952), pp. 989-1002; Russell Kirk,
The Conservative Mind
(Henry Regnery, 1955); Rossiter, ch. 11; Robert A. Nisbet, “Conservatism and Sociology,”
American Journal of Sociology,
vol. 58, no. 2 (September 1952), pp. 167-75; Richard W. Leopold,
Elihu Root and the Conservative Tradition
(Little, Brown, 1954); Louis Hartz,
The Liberal Tradition in America
(Harcourt, 1955); Peter Viereck,
Conservatism Revisited
(Scribner, 1949).

44
[
French observer on wealth and virtue
]: Burns,
Lion,
p. 240.

[
FDR on classmate
’
s remarks
]: quoted in
ibid.,
p. 205.

[
FDR on
“
dinner-party conversations
”]:
ibid.,
pp. 205-6.

[
Hofstadter on betrayal
]: Hofstadter,
The American Political Tradition
(Knopf, 1948), p. 330; see also Wolfskill and Hudson, ch. 6.

[
Names for FDR
]: Wolfskill and Hudson, pp. 16-17.

[“
The $64 question
”]:
ibid.,
p. 25.

45
[“
THE PRESIDENT
’
S WIFE IS SUING
”]:
ibid.

[
Obsession with FDR
’
s disability
]:
ibid.,
pp. 12-15.

[
FDR
’
s
“
insanity
”]:
ibid.,
pp. 5-11.

[
Anti-Semitism
]:
ibid.,
pp. 65-78.

45-6
[
AFL in 1920s and depression
]: Irving Bernstein,
The Lean Years: A History of the American Worker, 1920-1933
(Houghton Mifflin, 1960), pp. 83-108; see also Eugene T. Sweeney, “The A.F.L.’s Good Citizen, 1920-1940,”
Labor History,
vol. 13, no. 2 (Spring 1972), pp. 200-16.

46
[
Union growth under 7(a)]:
Irving Bernstein,
The Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933-1941
(Houghton Mifflin, 1969), chs. 2-3.

[
San Francisco labor conflict
]:
ibid.,
pp. 252-98; Felix Riesenberg. Jr.,
Golden Gate
(Knopf, 1940), ch. 23; Charles P. Larrowe, “The Great Maritime Strike of ’34,”
Labor History,
vol. 11, no. 4 (Fall 1970), pp. 403-51, and vol. 12, no. 1 (Winter 1971), pp. 3-37.

[
Shape-up
]: Bernstein,
Turbulent Years,
pp. 254-56.

47
[
FDR on strike
]: quoted in
ibid.,
p. 289.

[
Perkins
’
s role in settlement
]:
ibid,
pp. 288-90; George Martin,
Madam Secretary
(Houghton Mifflin, 1976), pp. 313-22; Frances Perkins,
The Roosevelt I Knew
(Viking, 1946), pp. 312-15.

[
Minneapolis strike
]: Bernstein,
Turbulent Years,
pp. 229-52; George H. Mayer,
The Political Career of Floyd B. Olson
(University of Minnesota Press, 1950), ch. 10.

48
[
Textile strike
]: Bernstein,
Turbulent Years,
pp. 298-315.

[
Brooks on textile strike
]: quoted in
ibid.,
p. 309.

[
Daniels on troops
]: quoted in Schlesinger,
Coming,
p. 394.

49
[“
Destroying cities
”]: quoted in Bernstein,
Turbulent Years,
p. 313.

[
Sharecroppers
’
plight
]: Erskine Caldwell,
Tenant Farmer
(Phoenix Press, 1935), quoted at p. 4; Raper.

[
Southern Tenant Farmers
’
Union
]: H. L. Mitchell,
Mean Things Happening in This Land
(Allanheld, Osmun, 1979), esp. chs. 4-10; Lowell Dyson, “Southern Tenant Farmers’ Union and Depression Politics,”
Political Science Quarterly,
vol. 88, no. 2 (June 1973), pp. 230-52; Bernard K. Johnpoll,
Pacifist
’
s Progress: Norman Thomas and the Decline of American Socialism
(Quadrangle, 1970), pp. 146-52; Donald H. Grubbs,
Cry from the Cotton: The Southern Tenant Farmers
’
Union and the New Deal
(University of North Carolina Press, 1971); Jess Gilbert and Steve Brown, “Alternative Land Reform Proposals in the 1930s: The Nashville Agrarians and the Southern Tenant Farmers’ Union,”
Agricultural History,
vol. 55, no. 4 (October 1981), pp. 351-69. 

[
Preacher on
“
this fuss
”]: quoted in Schlesinger,
Coming,
p. 377.

[
Itinerant farm workers
]: Bernstein,
Turbulent Years,
pp. 150-70; see also Walter J. Stein,
California and the Dust Bowl Migration
(Greenwood Press, 1973), esp. ch. 8.

50
[
Bernstein on Imperial Valley dispute
]: Bernstein,
Turbulent Years,
p. 160.

[
ACLU tour
]:
ibid.,
pp. 166-67.

51
[“
Prayer of Bitter Men
”]: quoted in Richard Lowitt and Maurine Beasley, eds.,
One Third of a Nation: Lorena Hickok Reports on the Great Depression
(University of Illinois Press, 1981), p. 365.

“Lenin or Christ”—or a Path Between?

52
[“
Fight by all available means
”]: “Statutes of the Communist International Adopted at the Second Comintern Congress,” August 4, 1920, in Jane Degras, ed.,
The Communist International, 1919-1943, Documents
(Oxford University Press, 1956), vol. 1, quoted at p. 163.

[
Sixth World Congress on smashing capitalism
]: see Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.,
The Politics
o
f Upheaval
(Houghton Mifflin, 1960), p. 189.

[
Communist party, eve of 1930s
]: Harvey Klehr,
The Heyday of American Communism: The Depression Decade
(Basic Books, 1984), ch. 1, esp. p. 5.

[
Depression as potential boon to Communists
]: see Irving Howe and Lewis Coser,
The American Communist Party: A Critical History (1919-1957)
(Beacon Press, 1957), pp. 188-97.

[
Communist party membership, 1932-33
]: Klehr, pp. 91-92.

53
[“
United front from below
”]:
ibid.,
pp. 13, 97-104; Schlesinger,
Upheaval,
pp. 197-98.

[
Browder
]: Klehr, pp. 21-23; John McCarten, “Party Linesman,”
New Yorker,
vol. 14 (September 24, 1938), pp. 20-24, and (October 1, 1938), pp. 22-27; James Gilbert Ryan, “The Making of a Native Marxist: The Early Career of Earl Browder,”
Review of Politics,
vol. 39, no. 3 (July 1977), pp. 332-62.

[
Browder
’
s claims as to size of following
]: Schlesinger,
Upheaval,
p. 198, [
Signed-up members
]: Klehr, p. 365.

[
League Against War and Fascism
]:
ibid.,
pp. 107-12; Howe and Coser, pp. 348-55.

[
Youth Congress
]: Klehr, pp. 319-23; Earl Browder, “The American Communist Party in the Thirties,” in Rita James Simon,
ed., As We Saw the Thirties
(University of Illinois Press, 1967), pp. 227-29.

[
Writers and Communist party
]: see Daniel Aaron,
Writers on the Left
(Harcourt, 1961), part 2
passim.

[
Demise of
“
red unions
”]: Bert Cochran,
Labor and Communism: The Conflict that Shaped American Unions
(Princeton University Press, 1977), ch. 3, esp. pp. 74-75; Jack Statchel quoted on working among AFL workers at p. 74; Klehr, chs. 7, 13; Howe and Coser, ch. 6.

[
Thomas
]: Johnpoll; W. A. Swanberg,
Norman Thomas: The Last Idealist
(Scribner, 1976).

[
Schlesinger on Thomas
]:
Upheaval,
p. 177.

53-4
[
Divisions among Socialists
]: Johnpoll, ch. 4; Swanberg, esp. ch. 9; John H. M. Laslett and Seymour Martin Lipset, eds.,
Failure of a Dream?: Essays in the History of American Socialism
(Doubleday, 1974).

54
[
Attempts at Socialist-Communist union
]: Johnpoll, pp. 111-16, 140-43; Howe and Coser, pp. 325-27; Klehr, pp. 99-112; Norman Thomas, “The Thirties as a Socialist Recalls Them,” in Simon, pp. 114-17.

[
Madison Square Garden meeting
]:
New York Times,
February 17, 1934, pp. 1, 3; Klehr, pp. 113-16.

[
Thomas on impossibility of united front
]: quoted in Johnpoll, p. 115; see also Peggy Lamson,
Roger Baldwin: Founder of the American Civil Liberties Union
(Houghton Mifflin, 1976), esp. ch. 14.

[
In the Archey Road
]: Finley Peter Dunne, “Proposed: A Federal Divorce Law,” in Dunne,
Mr. Dooley on the Choice of Law,
Edward J. Bander, comp. (Michie Co., 1963), pp. 87-95, quoted at p. 87.

[
AFL as federation of craft and industrial workers
]: Christopher L. Tomlins, “AFL Unions in the 1930s: Their Performance in Historical Perspective,”
Journal of American History,
vol. 65, no. 4 (March 1979), pp. 1021-42; see also Edwin Young, “The Split in the Labor Movement,” in Milton Derber and Edwin Young, eds.,
Labor and the New Deal
(University of Wisconsin Press, 1957), pp. 47-50.

55
[
Federal labor unions
]: Bernstein,
Turbulent Years,
pp. 355-60.

[
Bernstein on federal union leaders
]:
ibid.,
p. 373; see, generally, Walter Licht and Hal Seth Barron, “Labor’s Men: A Collective Biography of Union Officialdom During the New Deal Years,”
Labor History,
vol. 19, no. 2 (Fall 1978), pp. 532-45.

[
Supporters of federal union leaders
]: Bernstein,
Turbulent Years,
p. 363.

[
Divisions among AFL leaders
]: see
ibid.,
pp. 360-66 and ch. 8
passim;
Maxwell C. Raddock,
Portrait of an American Labor leader: William L. Hutcheson
(American Institute of Social Science, 1955), ch. 14; Robert D. Leiter,
The Teamsters Union
(Bookman Associates, 1957), ch. 2; David Dubinsky and A. H. Raskin,
David Dubinsky: A Life with Labor
(Simon and Schuster, 1977), ch. 9; Matthew Josephson,
Sidney Hillman: Statesman of American Labor
(Doubleday, 1952), ch. 17.

55
[
Lewis
]: Melvyn Dubofsky and Warren Van Tine,
John L. Lewis
(Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co., 1977).

55-6
[
Debate among craft and industrial unionists, 1934-35
]: Bernstein,
Turbulent Years,
pp. 368-86; Young in Derber and Young, pp. 52-55.

56
[
1935 AFL convention
]: American Federation of Labor,
Report of Proceedings of the Fifty fifth Annual Convention
(1935), esp. pp. 521-75, 614-65, 725-29; Bernstein,
Turbulent Years,
pp. 386-98.

[
Lewis on strong and weak unions
]: quoted in
Proceedings,
pp. 541, 542. [
Lewis
’
s punch
]: Bernstein,
Turbulent Years,
p. 397;
Proceedings,
p. 727.

[
Lewis-Green exchange
]: quoted in Schlesinger,
Coming,
p. 413.

[
Formation of CIO
]: Bernstein,
Turbulent Years,
pp. 397-431; Dubofsky and Van Tine, ch. 11; see also David Brody, “Labor and the Great Depression: The Interpretive Prospects,”
Labor History,
vol. 13, no. 2 (Spring 1972), pp. 231-44.

56-7
[
Lewis-Green exchange of letters
]: quoted in Bernstein,
Turbulent Years,
pp. 403-4; on Green’s writings in favor of industrial unionism, see
ibid.,
pp. 399-400.

57
[
Social justice in Catholic Church
]: see John F. Cronin,
Social Principles and Economic Life
(Bruce Publishing, 1959); Aaron I. Abell,
American Catholicism and Social Action: A Search
f
or Social Justice, 1865-1950
(Hanover House, 1960); Ernst Troeltsch,
The Social Teachings of the Christian Churches,
Olive Wyon, trans. (Allen & Unwin, 1950), vol. 1.

[
Coughlin
]: David H. Bennett,
Demagogues in the Depression
(Rutgers University Press, 1969), part 1; Alan Brinkley,
Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression
(Knopf, 1982), chs. 4-6 and
passim:
Sheldon Marcus,
Father Coughlin: The Tumultuous Life of the Priest of the Little Flower
(Little, Brown, 1973); Charles J. Tull,
Father Coughlin and the New Deal
(Syracuse University Press, 1965).