American Experiment (261 page)

[McKelvey on shift from commercial to industrial cities]:
McKelvey, p. 48.

248–49
[Aspects of the industrializing city]:
Stephan Thernstrom, “Reflections on the New Urban History,”
Daedalus,
vol. 100, no. 2 (Spring 1971), pp. 359–75.

249
[Railroad terminals]:
Carroll L. V. Meeks,
The Railroad Station: An Architectural History
(Yale University Press, 1956).

[Louis Sullivan on the Chicago station]:
quoted in
ibid.,
p. 108.

[Central business district]:
Martyn J. Bowden, “Growth of the Central Districts in Large Cities,” in Leo F. Schnore, ed.,
The New Urban History
(Princeton University Press, 1975), pp. 75–109.

250
[City transport]:
Charles N. Glaab and A. Theodore Brown,
A History of Urban America
(Macmillan, 1967), pp. 147–52; Klein and Kantor, op.
cit
., pp. 146–51; McKelvey,
op.cit.,
ch. 5.

[Mark Twain on hanging on by eyelashes]:
quoted in Glaab and Brown, p. 149.

[Estimate of manure left on streets]:
Joel A. Tarr, “Urban Pollution—Many Long Years Ago,”
American Heritage,
vol. 22, no. 6 (October 1971), pp. 65–106.

[Sprague on the “Edison legend”]:
F.J. Sprague to S. H. Libby, October 10, 1931, in Roger Burlingame,
Engines of Democracy
(Scribner’s, 1940), p. 198.

251
[Elevators]:
Glaab and Brown, pp. 144–45; Burlingame, pp. 88–89.

[Traveler on sensations of an express ride]:
Julian Ralph, quoted in Glaab and Brown, p. 145.

[Cast-iron and steel buildings]:
Siegfried Giedion,
Space, Time and Architecture
(Harvard University Press, 1954), pp. 193–98.

252
[Sullivan on the power of height]:
quoted in Klein and Kantor, p. 158.

[Woolworth Tower]: ibid.,
pp. 159–60.

[Appearance of the grid pattern]: ibid.,
p. 127.

[Bryce on monotony]:
quoted in
ibid.

253
[The balloon frame]:
Giedion, pp. 345–53, G. E. Woodward quoted at p. 347.

[Sewerage and water]:
Klein and Kantor, pp. 165–68; Glaab and Brown, pp. 164–66.

[Cleveland’s open sewer]:
quoted in Garraty,
op. cit.,
p. 192.

254
[Waring on filth as cause of disease]:
quoted in Glaab and Brown, p. 165.

[Urban parks]:
Galen Cranz,
The Politics of Park Design
(MIT Press, 1982).

[Mumford on rectangular street platting]:
Lewis Mumford,
The Culture of Cities
(Harcourt, Brace, 1938), quoted at p. 189.

255
[Social topography of the Lower East Side]:
Moses Rischin,
The Promised City: New York’s Jews, 1870–1914
(Harvard University Press, 1962), pp. 76–94; see also Irving Howe,
World of Our Fathers
(Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976), ch. 2; and, more generally, John Higham,
Send These to Me: Jews and Other Immigrants
in
Urban America
(Atheneum, 1975).

256
[Bennett on the architecture “sweating humanity
“]: Arnold Bennett,
Those United States
(Martin Secker, 1912), p. 239.

[Cultural and psychological shocks of migration]:
Oscar Handlin,
The Uprooted,
2nd ed. (Little, Brown, 1973), esp. chs. 9, 10.

257
[Howe on role of religion]:
Howe, p. 70.

[Italian immigrants]:
Robert F. Foerster,
The Italian Emigration of Our Times
(Harvard University Press, 1919); Andrew F. Rolle,
The Immigrant Upraised
(University of Oklahoma Press, 1968); Oscar Handlin, ed.,
Immigration as a Factor in American History
(Prentice-Hall, 1959), pp. 29–31, 77–84, 133–35.

[Italian immigrants in Chicago]:
Humbert S. Nelli,
Italians in Chicago, 1880–1930
(Oxford University Press, 1970).

[Italian immigrants adapting to the urban language ]:
Joseph Lopreato,
Italian Americans
(Random House, 1970), p. 57.

258
[Nelli on the role of the
padrone]: Nelli, p. 63.

[Prices charged by
padroni]: Carroll Wright, “Ninth Special Report of the Italians in Chicago,”
United States Department of Labor Bulletin,
no. 13 (November 1897), p. 727.

[Pressures on Chicago community life]:
Richard Sennett, “Middle-Class Families and Urban Violence: The Experience of a Chicago Community in the Nineteenth Century,” in Stephan Thernstrom and Richard Sennett, eds.,
Nineteenth-Century Cities
(Yale University Press, 1969), pp. 386–420.

[Smith on transporting of man]:
Herbert G. Gutman, “Work, Culture, and Society in Industrializing America, 1815–1919,”
American Historical Review,
vol. 78, no. 3 (June 1973. pp. 531–87. quoted at p. 547.

259
[Communist Manifesto
on factories as industrial armies]:
in Robert C. Tucker, ed.,
The Marx-Engels Reader
(W. W. Norton, 1972), quoted at pp. 341, 342.

[Immigrants celebrating old-time holidays]:
Gutman, pp. 547–48.

[Jews moving upward]:
Bernard D. Weinryb, “Jewish Immigration and Accommodation to America,” in Marshall Sklare, ed.,
The Jews: Social Patterns of an American Group
(Free Press, 1958), pp. 4–22.

[Irish-American upward mobility]:
William V. Shannon,
The American Irish
(Macmillan, 1966), chs.6, 9; Carl Wittke,
The Irish in America
(Louisiana State University Press, 1956); Oscar Handlin,
Boston’s Immigrants, 1790–1865
(Harvard University Press, 1941).

260
[MacShinnegan coat of arms]: The Argonaut,
quoted in Shannon, p. 88.

[Marx and Engels on the impact of industrialization and the industrial city]: The German Ideology,
in Tucker, quoted at pp. 149–50; I have made minor changes in punctuation.

[Marx and class consciousness]:
Norman Birnbaum, “Afterword,” in Thernstrom and Sennett, pp. 421–30.

260–61
[Thernstrom on continuity of class membership in one setting]:
Stephan Thernstrom, “Urbanization, Migration, and Social Mobility in Late Nineteenth-Century America,” in Callow,
op. cit.,
p. 405.

261
[Communist Manifesto
on proletarianization]:
in Tucker, pp. 341–42.

[Changes in the home]:
Elizabeth M. Bacon, “The Growth of Household Conveniences in the U.S. from 1865 to 1900,” Ph.D. dissertation, Radcliffe College, 1942.

[Domestic science movement]:
Barbara J. Harris,
Beyond Her Sphere: Women and the Professions
i
n American History
(Greenwood Press, 1978), p. 135;
Diary of Annie Thompson,
private collection; Catharine Esther Beecher,
The American Woman’s Home; or, Principles of Domestic Science
(J. B. Ford, 1869).

[Alcott on making a battering-ram of her head]:
quoted in Marjorie Worthington,
Miss Alcott
o
f Concord
(Doubleday, 1958), p. 83.

[Bradwell]: Bradwell
v.
Illinois,
83 U.S. 130 (1873), quoted at 141; Harris, pp. 110–12.

262
[The club movement]:
Karen J. Blair,
The Clubwoman as Feminist: True Womanhood Redefined, 1868–1914
(Holmes & Meier, 1980).

[Maine delegate on fashionable clubwomen]:
quoted in
ibid.,
pp. 95–96.

262
[Scientific American
on assimilation or extermination]:
June 9, 1869, quoted in Gutman, p. 584.

[“Forget your past”]:
quoted in
ibid.,
p. 582.

(The “clock in the workshop”]:
reprinted in
ibid.,
p. 547. I have added the word “to” to the last line.

263
[Boss Plunkitt’s day]:
William L. Riordon,
Plunkitt of Tammany Hall
(E. P. Dutton, 1963), pp. 91–93.

[Tammany Hall]:
Gustavus Myers,
The History of Tammany Hall
(Boni & Liveright, 1917); M. R. Werner,
Tammany Hall
(Doubleday, Doran, 1928); John W. Pratt, “Boss Tweed’s Public Welfare Program,”
New-York Historical Society Quarterly,
vol. 45, no. 4 (October 1961), pp. 396–411.

264
[
Tammany structure and function ]:
Robert K. Merton,
Social Theory and Social Structure
(Free Press, 1957), pp. 71–82; Eric L. McKitrick, “The Study of Corruption,”
Political Science Quarterly,
vol. 72, no. 4 (December 1957), pp. 502–14; Seymour J. Mandelbaum,
Boss Tweed’s New York
(John Wiley, 1965).

[Other city “machines”]:
Harold F. Gosnell,
Machine Politics: Chicago Model
(University of Chicago Press, 1968); Zane L. Miller,
Boss Cox’s Cincinnati
(Oxford University Press, 1968); George M. Reynolds,
Machine Politics in New Orleans, 1897–1926
(Columbia University Press, 1936); Walter Bean,
Boss Ruef’s San Francisco
(University of California Press, 1952).

265
(Lomasney on getting help]:
quoted in Lincoln Steffens,
Autobiography
(Chautauqua Press, 1931), p. 618.

[Glaab and Brown on machine as “avenue of advance”]:
Glaab and Brown,
op. cit.,
p. 225.

[Merton on corporations and the “economic czar”]:
Robert K. Merton, “Latent Functions of the Machine,” in Callow,
op. cit.,
pp. 220–29, quoted at p. 223.

266
[Boyer on cities replicating the moral order of the village]:
Paul Boyer,
Urban Masses and Moral Order in America, 1820–1920
(Harvard University Press, 1978), p. viii.

[Reformers]:
Geoffrey Blodgett, “Reform Thought and the Genteel Tradition,” in H. Wayne Morgan, ed.,
The Gilded Age,
2nd ed. (Syracuse University Press, 1970), pp. 55–76; John G. Sproat,
“The Best Men “: Liberal Reformers in the Gilded Age
(Oxford University Press, 1968); Geoffrey Blodgett,
The Gentle Reformers: Massachusetts Democrats in the Cleveland Era
(Harvard University Press, 1966).

[Boss Tweed]:
Alexander B. Callow, Jr.,
The Tweed Ring
(Oxford University Press, 1966); Merton in Callow,
American Urban History;
Mandelbaum.

267
[“What are you going to do about it?”]:
quoted in Callow,
The Tweed Ring,
p. 9.

[Plunkitt on reform movements as “mornin’glories”]:
Riordon, p. 17.

267–68
[Plunkitt on politics as a business]: ibid.,
p. 19.

268
[Steffens on businessmen and corruption]:
quoted in Klein and Kantor,
op. cit.,
p. 357.

[Wiebe on reformers’ dependence on business]:
Robert H. Wiebe,
The Search for Order, 1877–1920
(Hill and Wang, 1967), p. 174.

269
[Choate on the danger to liberty]:
quoted in Callow,
The Tweed Ring,
p. 265.

[Doubts of some reformers about universal suffrage]: ibid.,
ch. 17; Melvin G. Holli,
Reform in Detroit
(Oxford University Press, 1969), pp. 171–78.

[Times
on the “dangerous classes”]: New York Times,
July 16, 1871, p. 4.

[E. L. Godkin on ignorant and corrupt voters]:
quoted in Callow,
The Tweed Ring,
p. 267.

[
“Expert’s” prediction of abandonment of universal suffrage ]:
Frank Goodnow, quoted in Holli, p. 174.

[Union for Concerted Moral Effort and National Union for Practical Progress]:
Boyer,
op. cit.,
p. 163.

270
[Hull House]:
Jane Addams,
Twenty Years at Hull House
(Macmillan, 1910).

[Jane Addams on transforming cities]:
quoted in Boyer, pp. 222–23; see also, Jane Addams,
The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets
(Macmillan, 1909); Addams,
A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil
(Macmillan, 1912).

270
[Mary Richmond on settlement house workers]:
quoted in Boyer, p. 156.

271
[City Beautiful movement]:
Jon A. Peterson, “The City Beautiful Movement: Forgotten Origins and Lost Meanings,”
Journal of Urban History,
vol. 2 (August 1976), pp. 415–34; Klein and Kantor,
op. cit,
pp. 423–30.

[City planning]:
John W. Reps,
The Making of Urban America: A History of City Planning in the United States
(Princeton University Press, 1965); Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., “The Town-Planning Movement in America,”
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,
vol. 51 (January 1914), pp. 172–81; Boyer, ch. 18; Mumford,
op. cit., passim.

272
[Pingree and Detroit]:
Holli,
op. cit., passim.

[“I’m too busy making shoes”]:
quoted in
ibid.,
p. 17.

273
[Pingree’s achievements]: ibid.,
pp. 157–58, quoted at p. 158.

[“Golden Rule”Jones]:
Jack Tager,
The Intellectual as Urban Reformer
(Case Western Reserve University Press, 1968), ch. 4; Samuel M.Jones,
The New Right: A Plea for Fair Play Through a More Just Social Order
(Eastern Book Concern, 1899); Brand Whitlock,
Forty Years of It
(D. Appleton, 1914); Samuel M.Jones, “The New Patriotism: A Golden Rule Government for Cities,”
Municipal Affairs Magazine
(September 1899), pp. 455–61, in Charles N. Glaab, ed.,
The American City: A Documentary History
(Dorsey Press, 1963), pp. 406–13.

[Jones on “the ideal society”]:
Jones,
The New Right,
p. 66.

[Johnson]:
Tom Loftin Johnson,
My Story
(B. W. Huebsch, 1911).