After the Sheikhs: The Coming Collapse of the Gulf Monarchies (49 page)

9
. US Energy Information Administration 2011. Country overview on the UAE.

10
. By 1995 production had dropped to around 300,000 barrels per day.

11
.
The Daily Telegraph
, 4 February 2010.

12
. Agence France Presse, 9 February 2010.

13
. US Energy Information Administration 2011. Country overview on Kuwait.

14
. Taken from the Qatargas official website, section entitled ‘Amazing Facts About Qatargas 2’.

15
. US Energy Information Administration 2011. Country overview on Qatar.

16
.
Saudi Gazette
, 24 November 2010.

17
. See Nolan, Leigh, ‘Managing Reform? Saudi Arabia and the King’s Dilemma’ Brookings Doha Center Policy Briefing, May 2011.

18
. A large proportion of expatriates working in the region are either single or have left their families in their home country.

19
.
Emirates 24/7
, 5 October 2010. Quoting ‘The World’s Women 2010 report’.

20
. See Nolan, May 2011.

21
. BBC News, 6 February 2011.

22
. US Energy Information Administration 2011. Country overview on Kuwait.

23
.
Gulf News
, 1 October 2009.

24
.
The National
, 7 June 2011.

25
.
Gulf News
, 5 July 2011.

26
. Wilson, Graeme,
Rashid’s Legacy: The Genesis of the Maktoum Family and the History of Dubai
(Dubai: Media Prima, 2006), p. 528.

27
. Ibid., p. 529.

28
. Al-Gurg, Easa Saleh,
The Wells of Memory
(London: John Murray, 1998), p. 219.

29
. Khalifa bin Hamad Al-Thani.

30
. Reuters, 21 October 2010.

31
. A labour law was introduced in 2002 in an effort to regulate the employment of nationals in the private sector. As part of the law, nationals were to benefit from a special pensions fund and were to be ‘guaranteed better rights as employees’ including a maximum number of working hours per week and a guaranteed finishing time of four o’clock in the afternoon for women with children of school age.

32
. Notably banking and insurance companies.
Gulf News
, 23 September 2004;
Gulf News
, 8 December 2006.

33
. Reuters, 21 October 2010.

34
.
Oxford Business Group
, ‘Abu Dhabi: The Report 2007’. p. 51.

35
. Reuters, 21 October 2010.

36
.
The National
, 27 July 2008.

37
.
Gulf News
, 8 December 2006.

38
.
Gulf News
, 28 July 2008.

39
. Reuters, 21 October 2010.

40
.
Oxford Analytica
, February 2007.

41
. Reuters, 21 October 2010.

42
. Ibid.

43
.
Arabian Business
, 30 December 2010.

44
. Nayef bin Abdul-Aziz Al-Saud.

45
.
Financial Times
, 7 September 2010.

46
. Saleh Kamel.

47
.
Arabian Business
, 30 December 2010.

48
.
Financial Times
, 7 September 2010.

49
.
Financial Times
, 7 September 2010. Quoting Jarmo Kotilaine, an economist at NCB Capital (a Saudi investment bank) and John Sfakianakis, chief economist at Banque Saudi Fransi.

50
. Reuters, 21 October 2010.

51
. Reuters, 29 August 2010.

52
. Ibid.

53
.
New York Times
, 5 May 2006.

54
. Rashid bin Said Al-Maktoum.

55
.
MSNBC
, 2 August 2011.

56
. Said Ahmad Ghubash.

57
. Overton, J. L., ‘Stability and Change: Inter-Arab Politics in the Arabian Peninsula and the Gulf’ (unpublished PhD thesis. University of Maryland, 1983), p. 184. Taken from Overton’s interview with Said Ahmad Ghubash in Abu Dhabi in 1976.

58
. Peck, Malcolm,
The United Arab Emirates: A Venture in Unity
(Boulder: Westview, 1986), p. 100.

59
. The chairman is Ahmad bin Saif Al-Nahyan. For details of the 5 November 2003 decree see Davidson, Christopher M.,
The United Arab Emirates: A Study in Survival
(Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2005), chapter 3.

60
. Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi.

61
. Brown, Gavin,
OPEC and the World Energy Market
(London: Longman, 1998), p. 359. It was believed that by 1987 Sultan had amassed debts of nearly $920 million following several ambitious construction projects.

62
. Limitless press release, 10 October 2007.

63
. See for example Purkis, S., and Riegl, B., ‘Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Arabian Gulf Coral Assemblages Quantified from Remote-Sensing and in situ Monitoring Data (Jebel Ali, Dubai, UAE)’,
Marine Ecology Progress Series
, No. 287, 2005, pp. 99–113.

64
. BBC News, 22 July 2012.

65
.
The National
, 6 February 2011.

66
.
The Sunday Times
, 2 January 2011.

67
.
The Guardian
, 24 March 2011.

68
. Filiu, Jean-Pierre,
The Arab Revolution: Ten Lesson from the Democratic Uprising
(London: Hurst, 2011), p. 35.

69
. Davidson (2005), chapter 4.

70
. Wikileaks, US Embassy Riyadh, 1 November 1996.

71
.
Forbes
, 17 June 2009.

72
.
Wall Street Journal
, 9 September 2010.

73
.
New York Times
, 26 August 2010.

74
.
Construction Weekly
, 3 August 2010.

75
.
Business Insider
, 13 April 2011.

76
.
CIA World Factbook 2011
. Country overview on Bahrain.

77
.
Bloomberg
, 21 February 2011.

78
. Al-Masah Capital Special Report 2011, ‘MENA: The Great Job Rush’.

79
. See Nolan, May 2011.

80
. Fromherz, Allen J.,
Qatar: A Modern History
(London: IB Tauris, 2012), p. 12.

81
.
Arabian Business
, 30 December 2010.

82
. Reuters, 29 August 2010.

83
.
Financial Times
, 7 September 2010.

84
. Reuters, 6 July 2011.

85
.
Financial Times
7 September 2010.

86
.
Financial Times
7 September 2010. Quoting Jarmo Kotilaine, an economist at NCB Capital.

87
. Kinninmont (2012), p. 18.

88
.
Global Research
Special Report on Bahrain, 10 April 2010.

89
.
The National
, 27 June 2010.

90
. Davidson (2005), chapter 3.

91
. Reuters, 6 July 2011.

92
. Reuters, 6 July 2011.

93
.
Emirates 24/7
, 10 July 2011.

94
.
The National
, 21 April 2011.

95
. Reuters, 6 July 2011.

96
.
The National
, 28 July 2008.

97
. Reuters, 6 July 2011.

98
.
The National
, 25 December 2010.

99
.
Financial Times
, 27 June 2011.

100
. Reuters, 6 July 2011.

101
.
Financial Times
, 27 June 2011.

102
. Reuters, 6 July 2011.

103
. Ahmed Muhammad Al-Bunain.

104
.
The Peninsula
, 16 January 2007.

105
.
The Peninsula
, 18 January 2011.

106
.
The Peninsula
, 14 April 2011.

107
. As reported by the Qatar-based management consultancy firm Almaras.

108
. Human Rights Watch, 13 June 2011.

109
. BBC News, 18 July 2011.

110
. Human Rights Watch, 13 June 2011.

111
. The
Al-Ajmi
.

112
. Personal correspondence, January 2012. The man being Salem Al-Ali Al-Sabah, the oldest member of the Al-Sabah family.

113
. Human Rights Watch, 13 June 2011.

114
. Ibid.

115
. BBC News, 18 July 2011.

116
. Human Rights Watch, 13 June 2011.

117
.
Jadaliyya
, 26 March 2011. Article by Mona Kareem.

118
. Human Rights Watch, 13 June 2011.

119
.
Khaleej Times
, 7 November 2010.

120
. BBC News, 18 July 2011.

121
.
Jadaliyya
, 26 March 2011. Article by Mona Kareem.

122
. BBC News, 18 July 2011.

123
.
Arabian Business
, 13 July 2009.

124
. Presentation by Noora Lori at the Middle East Studies Association annual conference, 4 December 2011. ‘The Political Management of Rentier Transformations, Naturalization Policy, and Liminal Populations in the UAE’.

125
.
Arabian Business
, 13 July 2009.

126
.
The National
, 26 September 2008.

127
.
The National
, 7 September 2008.

128
.
The National
, 26 September 2008.

129
.
Arabian Business
, 13 July 2009.

130
. Human Rights Watch, 16 December 2011.

131
.
Al-Jazeera English
, 22 September 2010. Referring to Ayatollah Hussein Mirza Najati.

132
. In 1981 the government arrested seventy-three people accused of plotting a
coup on behalf of a pro-Iran organisation—the Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain led by an Iraqi cleric, Hadi Modaressi. See Kinninmont, Jane. ‘Bahrain’ in Davidson, Christopher M. (ed.),
Power and Politics in the Persian Gulf Monarchies
(London: Hurst, 2011).

133
. See Kinninmont (2011).

134
. The Baharna.

135
. The Ajam.

136
.
International Herald Tribune
, 2 October 2006.

137
.
International Herald Tribune
, 17 November 2006.

138
. See Kinninmont (2011).

139
. Many Bahrainis have observed an influx of new citizens from Pakistan, Yemen, and Baluchistan. See Kinninmont (2012), p. 18.

140
.
New York Times
, 26 August 2010.

141
.
New York Times
27 March 2009.

142
. Abduljalil Al-Singace.

143
. Abdulghani Al-Kanjar.

144
. Referring to Muhammed Al-Muqdad and Said Al-Nouri.

145
.
The National
, 17 August 2010.

146
.
New York Times
, 26 August 2010.

147
.
The Economist
, 14 October 2010.