After Tamerlane (83 page)

69
. C. Trocki,
Singapore: Wealth, Power and the Culture of Control
(London, 2006), chs.1,2.

70
. O. Ruhen,
Port of Melbourne 1835–1876
(North Melbourne, 1976); F. Broeze,
Island Nation
(London, 1998).

71
. See S. Jackson,
The Sassoons
(London, 1968).

72
. See I. Stone,
The Global Export of Capital from Great Britain, 1865–1914: A Statistical Survey
(Basingstoke, 1999).

73
. League of Nations,
The Network of World Trade
(Geneva, 1942), p. 84.

74
. See M. de Cecco,
Money and Empire
(Oxford, 1974).

75
. For the best description, R. Michie,
The City of London: Continuity and Change, 1850–1990
(Basingstoke, 1992); D. Kynaston,
The City of London: Golden Years 1890–1914
(London, 1995).

76
. Speech in Canada (?1913). Bodleian Library, Robert Brand Papers, box26.

77
. N. Angell,
The Great Illusion
(London, 1911).

78
. See I. Phimister,
Wangi Kolia
(Johannesburg, 1994) for a graphic account of labour conditions on the Wankie coalfield in Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe).

79
. Revenue from customs duties equalled 27.6 per cent of the value of imports in the United States in 1900. The figure for Britain, France and Germany was between 5 and 8.8 per cent. See A. Stein, ‘The Hegemon's Dilemma: Great Britain, the United States and the International Economic Order',
International Organization
38, 2 (1984), pp. 355–86.

80
. R. Lindert,
Key Currencies and Gold, 1900–1930
(Princeton, 1969), p. 121.

81
. See J. W. Burrow,
The Crisis of Reason
(London, 2000), ch. 3.

82
. Ibid., p. 96.

83
. See, for example, H. H. Risley,
The People of India
(London, 1908). By the time this was published Risley was one of the most senior officials in the government of India. For the Russian case, A. Jersild,
Orientalism and Empire
(Montreal, 2002).

84
. Burrow,
Crisis
, p. 103.

85
. G. W. Stocking,
Victorian Anthropology
(New York, 1987), p. 236.

86
. For the use of this expression by British officialdom, A. Seal,
The Emergence of Indian Nationalism
(Cambridge, 1968), p. 15.

87
. See S. Dubow,
Racial Segregation and the Origins of Apartheid in South Africa 1919–1936
(London, 1989), pp. 22–3.

88
. Greta Jones,
Social Darwinism and English Thought
(London, 1980), p. 150.

89
. See T. Metcalf,
Ideologies of the Raj
(Cambridge, 1995), ch. 3.

90
. See the argument in J. MacKenzie,
Orientalism: History, Theory and the Arts
(Manchester, 1995).

91
. S. Bayly,
Caste, Society and Politics in India
(Cambridge, 1999), p. 101; for a contrary view that holds the British responsible for entrenching caste in modern India, N. Dirks,
Castes of Mind
(Princeton, 2001).

92
. See T. Raychaudhuri,
Europe Reconsidered: Perceptions of the West in Nineteenth Century Bengal
(Oxford, 1989).

93
. For an autobiographical account, S. Banerjea,
A Nation in Making
(London, 1925).

94
. The key work here was M. G. Ranade,
The Rise of the Maratha Power
(Eng. trans. Bombay, 1900).

95
. See P. M. Holt,
The Mahdist State in the Sudan 1881–1898
(Oxford, 1958).

96
. For a discussion of these themes, A. Hourani,
Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age 1798–1939
(London, 1962; repr. Cambridge, 1983); F. Robinson,
Islam and Muslim History in South Asia
(New Delhi, 2000), pp. 59–78and ch. 11; M. F. Laffan,
Islamic Nationhood and Colonial Indonesia
(London, 2003).

97
. D. Robinson,
Paths of Accommodation: Muslim Societies and French Colonial Authorities in Senegal and Mauretania, 1880–1920
(Athens, O., and Oxford, 2000), pp. 231–3.

98
. Hourani,
Arabic Thought
, pp. 200–203.

99
. See D. Lelyveld,
Aligarh's First Generation: Muslim Solidarity in British India
(Princeton, 1978).

100
. See Laffan,
Islamic Nationhood
, ch. 7.

101
. The original English version has been reprinted in A. J. Parel (ed.),
Gandhi: ‘Hind Swaraj' and Other Writings
(Cambridge, 1997).

102
. A. Chowdhury,
The Frail Hero and Virile History: Gender and the Politics of Culture in Colonial Bengal
(New Delhi, 2001), pp. 14,17,40,44–5.

103
. Ibid., p. 152.

104
. For Blyden's career, H. R. Lynch,
Edward Wilmot Blyden: Pan-Negro Patriot
(Oxford, 1967).

105
. Ibid., p. 219.

106
. Ibid., p. 216.

107
. For Blyden's rejection of Booker T. Washington as a ‘race amalgamator', L. R. Harlan (ed.),
The Booker T. Washington Papers
, vol. 3:
1889–1895
(London, 1974), p. 497.

108
. See J. D. Frodsham (ed.),
The First Chinese Embassy to the West: The Journals of Kuo Sung-T'ao, Lin His-hung and Chan Te-yi
(Oxford, 1974), p. xxvi.

109
. Y. P. Hao,
The Commercial Revolution in Nineteenth-Century China: The Rise of Sino-Western Mercantile Capitalism
(Berkeley and London, 1986), p. 355.

110
. See the fascinating account of the Shanghai ‘jubilee' procession in B. Goodman, ‘Improvisations on a Semi-Colonial Theme, or How to Read a Celebration of Transnational Urban Community',
Journal of Asian Studies
59, 4 (2000), pp. 889–926.

111
. For Manchu–Han relations, E. J. Rhoads,
Manchus and Han
(Seattle, 2000).

112
. R. K. I. Quested,
‘Matey' Imperialists?: The Tsarist Russians in Manchuria, 1895–1917
(Hong Kong, 1982), pp. 21–2.

113
. Ibid., p. 59.

114
. See L. K. Young,
British Policy in China, 1895–1902
(Oxford, 1970).

115
. Nish,
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance
.

116
. For Sun's career, H. Z. Schiffrin,
Sun Yat-sen: Reluctant Revolutionary
(Boston, 1980).

117
. See E. Rawski, ‘Re-envisioning the Qing: The Significance of the Qing Period in Chinese History',
Journal of Asian Studies
55, 4 (1996), p. 839.

118
. R. Bin Wong,
China Transformed: Historical Change and the Limits of European Experience
(Ithaca, NY, 1997), p. 163.

119
. George Morrison to Valentine Chirol, 8 Sept. 1906, in Lo Hui-min (ed.),
The Correspondence of G. E. Morrison
(2 vols., Cambridge, 1976), vol. 1, p. 375; J. O. P. Bland,
Recent Events and Present Policies in China
(London, 1912).

120
. F. H. H. King,
The Hong Kong Bank in the Period of Imperialism and War, 1875–1918
(Cambridge, 1988), p. 348.

121
. C.-K. Leung,
China: Railway Patterns and National Goals
(Hong Kong, 1980), p. 39.

122
. C. Tsuzuki,
The Pursuit of Power in Modern Japan 1825–1995
(Oxford, 2000), p. 104.

123
. P. Duus, R. Myers and M. Peattie (eds.),
Japanese Informal Empire in China, 1895–1937
(Princeton, 1989), p. xxxiii.

124
. A. Iriye,
Pacific Estrangement: Japanese and American Expansion, 1897–1911
(Cambridge, Mass., 1972), p. 221.

125
. J. O. P. Bland to C. Addis, 23 Sept. 1907, Thomas Fisher Library, University of Toronto, J. O. P. Bland MSS, box23.

126
. T. Yokoyama,
Japan in the Victorian Mind
(Basingstoke, 1987), ch. 8.

127
. A. Iriye, ‘Japan's Drive to Great Power Status', in M. B. Jansen (ed.),
The Cambridge History of Japan
, vol. 5:
The Nineteenth Century
(Cambridge, 1989), pp. 738 ff.

128
. A. Waswo,
Modern Japanese Society, 1868–1994
(Oxford, 1996), p. 60.

129
. See K. Sugihara, ‘Patterns of Asia's Integration into the World Economy, 1888–1913', in Fischer and McInnis (eds.),
World Economy
, pt2.

130
. Tsuzuki,
Pursuit of Power
, p. 195.

131
. C. Howe,
The Origins of Japanese Trade Supremacy
(London, 1996), pp. 148,157,197–9, for Japan's pre-war difficulties.

132
. J. Ch'en,
Yuan Shih-kai, 1859–1916
(London, 1961), ch. 9.

133
. M. E. Meeker,
A Nation of Empire: The Ottoman Legacy of Turkish Modernity
(Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 2002), pp. 276–7.

134
. See Eugene Rogan,
Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan 1850–1921
(Cambridge, 1999).

135
. See D. Quataert, ‘The Age of Reforms, 1812–1914', in H. Inalcik with D. Quataert (eds.),
An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1914
(Cambridge, 1994), p. 872.

136
. Ibid., pp. 910–28.

137
. J. McCarthy,
Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922
(Princeton, 1995), pp. 135–6.

138
. Quoted in M. S. Hanioglu,
Preparations for a Revolution: The Young Turks, 1902–1908
(Oxford, 2001), p. 65.

139
. This account is based on E. Abrahamian,
Iran between Two Revolutions
(Princeton, 1982), pp. 57–111.

140
. A. T. Wilson,
South West Persia: Letters and Diary of a Young Political Officer, 1907–1914
(London, 1942), p. 189.

141
. Memo by Sir E. Grey to Russian ambassador, 10 June 1914, in Gooch and Temperley (eds.),
British Documents
, vol. 10, pp. 798–800; Buchanan to Grey, 21 June 1914, ibid., pp. 804–5.

142
. Memo by Sazonov, ibid., pp. 816–20.

143
. W. M. Shuster,
The Strangling of Persia: A Record of European Diplomacy and Oriental Intrigue
(London, 1912).

1
. The classic diagnosis of this atavistic ethos was by the Austrian economist J. A. Schumpeter, in his essay on the ‘Sociology of Imperialism' (1919). See the English translation in F. M. Sweezy (ed.),
Imperialism and Social Classes
(London, 1951).

2
. The best contemporary analysis is H. Wickham Steed,
The Hapsburg
Monarchy
(London, 1913). Steed spent ten years in Austria–Hungary as The Times's correspondent, and was later foreign editor and editor of the paper.

3
. H. Strachan,
The First World War: To Arms
(Oxford, 2001), p. 62.

4
. The literature on the outbreak of the war is colossal. The calculations of the great-power governments can be followed in V. Berghahn,
Germany and the Approach of War in 1914
(London, 1974); J. Keiger,
France and the Origins of the First World War
(London, 1983); D. Lieven,
Russia and the Origins of the First World War
(London, 1983); S. Williamson,
Austria – Hungary and the Origins of the First World War
(London, 1991); Z. Steiner,
Britain and the Origins of the First World War
(London, 1977). I. Geiss,
The July Crisis: The Outbreak of the First World War: Selected Documents
(London, 1967) provides a detailed account of the final approach to war. Strachan,
The First World War
offers a superb synthesis.

5
. Riezler's
Grundzü ge der Weltpolitik in der Gegenwart
was published in Munich in 1914.

6
. See V. G. Liulevicius,
War Land on the Eastern Front: Culture, National Identity and German Occupation in the First World War
(Cambridge, 2000); A. Zweig,
The Case of Sergeant Grischa
(Eng. trans. New York, 1928) is a fascinating semi-fictional portrait of ‘Ober Ost'. For a general account of the eastern war, N. Stone,
The Eastern Front 1914–1917
(London, 1975).

7
. B. Pares,
The Fall of the Russian Monarchy: A Study of the Evidence
(New York, 1939), p. 476.

8
. H. Seton-Watson,
The Russian Empire 1801–1917
(Oxford, 1967), p. 653.

9
. How real these fears were can be seen from the correspondence of Lord Milner, then the chief director of British grand strategy. The similarity with the ‘heartland' ideas of Halford Mackinder (set out after the war in his
Democratic Ideals and Reality
(London, 1919)) was not accidental: Mackinder was part of Milner's circle.

10
. The deliberations of the War Cabinet's Eastern Committee can be followed in J. Darwin,
Britain, Egypt and the Middle East: Imperial Policy in the Aftermath of War
(London, 1981), ch. 6.

11
. The details can be followed in W. R. Louis,
Great Britain and Germany's Lost Colonies
(Oxford, 1967).

12
. For the crisis in Egypt and its outcome, E. Kedourie, ‘Saad Zaghloul and the British', in his
The Chatham House Version
(London, 1970); Darwin,
Britain, Egypt and the Middle East
, chs.3,4,5; J. Beinin and Z. Lockman, ‘1919: Labour Upsurge and National Revolution', in A. Hourani, P. S. Khoury and M. C. Wilson (eds.),
The Modern Middle East
(London, 1993), pp. 395–428.