A Peace to End all Peace (78 page)

20
Ronald Sanders,
The High Walls of Jerusalem: A History of the Balfour Declaration and the Birth of the British Mandate for Palestine
(New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1983), p. 253.

21
Dawn,
Ottomanism
, p. 115.

22
Kedourie,
Anglo-Arab Labyrinth
, p. 108.

23
Presland,
Deedes Bey
, p. 247.

24
Kedourie,
Anglo-Arab Labyrinth
, pp. 119–20.

25
Ibid., p. 121.

26
Kew. Public Record Office. Kitchener Papers. 30/57 48. Document RR8.

CHAPTER 24

1
Roger Adelson,
Mark Sykes: Portrait of an Amateur
(London: Jonathan Cape, 1975), pp. 196–7.

2
Ibid., p. 199.

3
Jukka Nevakivi, “Lord Kitchener and the Partition of the Ottoman Empire, 1915–1916,” in K. Bourne and D. C. Watt (eds),
Studies in International History
(London: Longman, 1967), p. 328; Philip Magnus,
Kitchener: Portrait of an Imperialist
(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968), pp. 374–5.

4
Oxford. St Antony’s College. Middle East Centre. Mark Sykes Papers. DS 42.1.

5
Christopher M. Andrew and A. S. Kanya-Forstner,
The Climax of French Imperial Expansion: 1914–1924
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1981), p. 66.

6
Ibid., p. 75.

7
Ibid., pp. 75–7; St Antony’s College. Middle East Centre. Mark Sykes Papers. DR 588.25. Extrait de la “Revue Hebdomadaire.” Etienne Flandin, “Nos droits en Syrie et en Palestine.”

8
Andrew and Kanya-Forstner,
French Imperial Expansion
, p. 89.

9
Marian Kent,
Oil and Empire: British Policy and Mesopotamian Oil, 1900–1920
(London and Basingstoke: Macmillan Press for the London School of Economics, 1976), p. 122.

10
Andrew and Kanya-Forstner,
French Imperial Expansion
, p. 93.

11
Ibid., p. 96.

12
Oxford. St Antony’s College. Middle East Centre. Mark Sykes Papers. DS 42.1.

13
Adelson,
Sykes
, p. 200.

14
Oxford. St Antony’s College. Middle East Centre. Hubert Young Papers. Notes for Lecture at Military Staff College.

15
Margaret FitzHerbert,
The Man Who Was Greenmantle: A Biography of Aubrey Herbert
(London: John Murray, 1983), p. 173.

16
Adelson,
Sykes
, pp. 202
et seq
.

17
Andrew and Kanya-Forstner,
French Imperial Expansion
, p. 101.

18
C. J. Lowe and M. L. Dockrill,
The Mirage of Power
, Vol. 2:
British Foreign Policy 1914–1922
(London and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972), pp. 228–9.

19
Ibid.; Adelson,
Sykes
, pp. 202,
et seq
.

20
Adelson,
Sykes
, pp. 202
et seq
.

21
Ronald Sanders,
The High Walls of Jerusalem: A History of the Balfour Declaration and the Birth of the British Mandate for Palestine
(New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1983), p. 334.

22
Adelson,
Sykes
, p. 226.

23
Kent,
Oil and Empire
, p. 123.

24
Ibid.

CHAPTER 25

1
The account in the text follows Russell Braddon,
The Siege
(New York: Viking Press, 1969), and standard reference works. For Aubrey Herbert’s role, see Margaret FitzHerbert,
The Man Who Was Greenmantle: A Biography of Aubrey Herbert
(London: John Murray, 1983), pp. 169
et seq
.

CHAPTER 26

1
Frank G. Weber,
Eagles on the Crescent: Germany, Austria, and the Diplomacy of the Turkish Alliance 1914–1918
(Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1970), pp. 100–6.

2
Oxford. St Antony’s College. Middle East Centre. Mark Sykes Papers. DR 588.25.

3
Sukru Elekdag, ambassador of the Turkish Republic, letter to the editor,
New York Times
, 11 May 1983, p. 22.

4
Stanford J. Shaw and Ezel Kural Shaw,
History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
, Vol. 2:
Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey, 1808–1975
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), pp. 314
et seq
.

5
Ulrich Trumpener,
Germany and the Ottoman Empire 1914–1918
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968), p. 203.

6
Ibid., p. 208.

7
Ibid., pp. 208–9.

8
Ibid., pp. 209–10.

9
Ibid., p. 212.

10
Ibid., pp. 213–16.

11
Ibid., p. 213.

12
Ibid., p. 213.

13
Ibid., p. 225.

14
Sukru Elekdag, “Armenians vs. Turks: The View from Istanbul,”
Wall Street Journal
, 21 September 1983, p. 33.

15
Firuz Kazemzadeh,
The Struggle for Transcaucasia (1917–1921)
(New York: Philosophical Library, and Oxford: George Ronald, 1951), pp. 27–30.

CHAPTER 27

1
H. Montgomery Hyde,
Carson
(London: William Heinemann, 1953), p. 390.

2
Trevor Royle,
The Kitchener Enigma
(London: Michael Joseph, 1985), pp. 355
et seq
.

3
Ibid., p. 373.

4
“Exposed: The Blunder that Killed Lord Kitchener,”
The Sunday Times
, 22 September 1985, p. 13. See also George H. Cassar,
Kitchener: Architect of Victory
(London: William Kimber, 1977), p. 478. But another survivor claimed that Kitchener was not wearing an overcoat; see Philip Warner,
Kitchener: The Man Behind the Legend
(London: Hamish Hamilton, 1985), p. 199.

CHAPTER 28

1
John Presland (pseudonym for Gladys Skelton),
Deedes Bey: A Study of Sir Wyndham Deedes 1883–1923
(London: Macmillan, 1942), p. 263.

2
C. Ernest Dawn,
From Ottomanism to Arabism: Essays on the Origins of Arab Nationalism
(Urbana, Chicago and London: University of Illinois Press, 1973), p. 33.

3
Kew. Public Record Office. Kitchener Papers. Foreign Office 882. Vol. 19. AB/16/5.

4
Oxford. St Antony’s College. Middle East Centre. Mark Sykes Papers. DR 588 (DS 244.4).

5
University of Durham. Sudan Archive. Gilbert Clayton Papers. 470/4.

6
Majid Khadduri, “Aziz ’Ali Al-Misri and the Arab Nationalist Movement,” in Albert Hourani (ed.),
Middle Eastern Affairs: Number Four
, St Antony’s Papers, no. 17 (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), pp. 140–63, and pp. 154–5.

7
George Antonius,
The Arab Awakening: The Story of the Arab National Movement
(New York: Capricorn Books, 1965), p. 153.

8
Dawn,
Ottomanism
, p. 47.

9
The Memoirs of Sir Ronald Storrs
(New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1937), p. 167.

10
Ibid., p. 168.

11
Ibid., p. 167.

12
Elie Kedourie,
In the Anglo-Arab Labyrinth: The McMahon-Husayn Correspondence and its Interpreters 1914–1939
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), p. 201.

13
Oxford. St Antony’s College. Middle East Centre. Mark Sykes Papers. DR 588 (DS 244.4).

14
Ibid.

15
Bernard Lewis,
The Middle East and the West
(New York and London: Harper Torchbooks), p. 9.

16
The account of Brémond’s activities is based on General Ed. Brémond,
Le Hedjaz dans la guerre mondiale
(Paris: Payot, 1931).

17
Major Sir Hubert Young,
The Independent Arab
(London: John Murray, 1933).

18
Desmond Stewart,
T. E. Lawrence
(New York and London: Harper & Row, 1977), p. 148.

19
The account of Lawrence’s activities that follows is based principally on Stewart,
Lawrence
; Young,
The Independent Arab
; and Lawrence’s writings.

20
The Diaries of Parker Pasha
, ed. by H. V. F. Winstone (London and New York: Quartet Books, 1983), p. 158.

21
Oxford. St Antony’s College. Middle East Centre. T. E. Lawrence Papers. DS 244.4.

22
London. Imperial War Museum. T. E. Lawrence Papers. 69/48/2.

CHAPTER 29

1
Robert Blake,
The Unknown Prime Minister: The Life and Times of Andrew Bonar Law 1858–1918
(London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1955), p. 290.

2
Milner’s responsibility for the war is emphasized in Thomas Pakenham,
The Boer War
(New York: Random House, 1979).

3
Norman Stone,
Europe Transformed 1878–1919
(London: Fontana Paperbacks, 1983), p. 366.

4
A. J. P. Taylor,
The First World War: An Illustrated History
(London: Hamish Hamilton, 1963), p. 103.

5
Kenneth O. Morgan,
Lloyd George
(London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1974), p. 92.

6
Blake,
The Unknown Prime Minister
, p. 294.

7
Ibid., p. 297.

8
Lord Riddell’s War Diary 1914–1918
(London: Ivor Nicholson & Watson, 1933), p. 334.

9
A. J. P. Taylor,
English History 1914–1945
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965), p. 73.

10
Stephen Roskill,
Hankey: Man of Secrets
, Vol. 1:
1877–1918
(London: Collins, 1970), p. 339.

11
Terence H. O’Brien,
Milner
(London: Constable, 1979), p. 79.

12
John Grigg,
Lloyd George: From Peace to War 1912–1916
(London: Methuen, 1985), p. 489.

13
Roskill,
Hankey
, pp. 422–3.

14
Ibid., p. 436.

15
Ibid., p. 458.

16
Theodore Zeldin,
France 1848–1945
, Vol. 1:
Ambition, Love and Politics
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973), pp. 698
et seq
.

17
David Robin Watson,
Georges Clemenceau: A Political Biography
(London: Eyre Methuen, 1974), p. 269.

18
Ibid., p. 90.

19
Winston S. Churchill,
Great Contemporaries
(London: Fontana, 1959), pp. 248–9.

20
Watson,
Clemenceau
, p. 127.

21
Zeldin,
France
, p. 703.

22
Watson,
Clemenceau
, p. 28.

23
Roskill,
Hankey
, p. 466.

CHAPTER 30

1
Encyclopaedia Britannica
, 12th edn, s.v. “Turkish Campaigns (I),” an article written by Major Franz Carl Endres.

2
Quoted in Y. T. Kurat, “How Turkey Drifted into World War I,” in K. C. Bourne and D. C. Watt (eds),
Studies in International History
(London: Longman, 1967), pp. 291–315 at p. 294.

3
Harvey A. De Weerd, “Churchill, Lloyd George, Clemenceau: The Emergence of the Civilian,” in Edward Meade Earle (ed.),
Makers of Modern Strategy: Military Thought from Machiavelli to Hitler
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1943), pp. 287–305 at pp. 290–1; James T. Shotwell,
The Great Decision
(New York: Macmillan, 1944), pp. 8–9.