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1848 (68 page)

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10
Sperber,
European Revolutions
, pp. 184-5.

11
AN, BB/30/333 (dossier 1: Avocat-gÃ©nÃ©ral of Rennes to the Minister of Justice, 6 June 1848).

12
Siemann,
German Revolution
, pp. 103-4; Sperber,
European Revolutions
, p. 162.

13
Deme,
Radical Left
, pp. 53-4.

14
Pech,
Czech Revolution
, pp. 67-8.

15
S. Z. Pech, âCzech Peasantry in 1848', M. Rechcigl, Jr,
Czechoslovakia Past and Present
, 2 vols (The Hague and Paris: Mouton, 1968), ii, pp. 1280-3.

16
Quoted in Blum,
End of the Old Order
, p. 382.

17
Quoted in Pech, âCzech Peasantry', p. 1285.

18
Quoted in Blum,
End of the Old Order
, p. 402.

19
Rath,
Viennese Revolution
, p. 127.

20
Blum,
End of the Old Order
, pp. 389-90.

21
Quoted in Pech, âCzech Peasantry', p. 1289.

22
Deme,
Radical Left
, pp. 51-2.

23
Leiningen-Westerburg,
Letters and Journal
, pp. 73, 74-5.

24
Quoted in Himka,
Galician Villagers
, p. 27 n.

25
Price,
French Second Republic
, p. 118.

26
AN, BB/30/333, dossier 1.

27
Blum,
End of the Old Order
, p. 371.

28
W. J. Orr, Jr., âEast Prussia and the Revolution of 1848',
Central European History
, vol. 13 (1980), pp. 303-31, p. 316.

29
Bismarck,
Reflections and Reminiscences
, i, p. 49.

30
P. Ginsborg, âPeasants and Revolutionaries in Venice and the Veneto',
Historical Journal
, vol. 17 (1974), pp. 503-50, p. 537.

31
Stiles,
Austria in 1848-49
, i, p. 172.

32
Ibid., ii, pp. 92-6; Rath,
Viennese Revolution
, pp. 324-6.

33
Stiles,
Austria in 1848-49
, ii, pp. 97-101; Rath,
Viennese Revolution
, pp. 326-9.

34
Stiles,
Austria in 1848-49
, ii, p. 110.

35
HÃ¼bner,
Une AnnÃ©e
, p. 342.

36
Rath,
Viennese Revolution
, pp. 331-4.

37
Ibid., p. 343.

38
Ibid., p. 345.

39
HÃ¼bner,
Une AnnÃ©e
, pp. 359-60.

40
Rath,
Viennese Revolution
, pp. 346-8.

41
Quoted in Deak,
Lawful Revolution
, p. 180.

42
Stiles,
Austria in 1848-49
, ii, p. 129.

43
HÃ¼bner,
Une AnnÃ©e
, p. 396.

44
Stiles,
Austria in 1848-49
, ii, p. 132.

45
A. GÃ¶rgey,
My Life and Acts in Hungary in the Years 1848 and 1849
, 2 vols (London, 1852), i, p. 70.

46
Deak,
Lawful Revolution
, pp. 180-2. See also GÃ¶rgey's account in
My Life and Acts
, i, pp. 78-92.

47
HÃ¼bner,
Une AnnÃ©e
, p. 396.

48
Ibid., p. 393.

49
FrÃ¶bel's testimony in Eyck,
Revolutions of 1848-49
, pp. 127-33.

50
HÃ¼bner,
Une AnnÃ©e
, pp. 434-5.

51
Sked,
Decline and Fall
, pp. 137-9.

52
Quoted in ibid., p. 133.

53
HÃ¼bner,
Une AnnÃ©e
, p. 451-2.

54
Rath,
Viennese Revolution
, p. 364.

55
Quoted in Siemann,
German Revolution
, p. 166.

56
Valentin,
1848
, pp. 340-1.

57
Gall,
Bismarck
, i, p. 50.

58
Siemann,
German Revolution
, pp. 105-7; Sperber,
European Revolutions
, p. 161.

59
Gall,
Bismarck
, i, pp. 46-51.

60
Quoted in Craig,
Politics of the Prussian Army
, p. 117.

61
Randers-Pehrson,
Germans and the Revolution
, pp. 424-9.

62
Quoted in Craig,
Politics of the Prussian Army
, p. 119.

63
Lewald,
Year of Revolutions
, p. 141; Stadelmann,
German Revolution
, p. 154.

64
Lewald,
Year of Revolutions
, pp. 145-6.

65
Craig,
Politics of the Prussian Army
, p. 120.

66
Lewald,
Year of Revolutions
, pp. 148-9.

67
Randers-Pehrson,
Germans and the Revolution
, pp. 431-6; Siemann,
German Revolution
, pp. 168-9; Stadelmann,
Social and Political History
, p. 155; Koch,
Constitutional History
, p. 71.

68
Quoted in Winkler,
Germany: The Long Road West
, i, p. 104.

69
Allen and Hughes,
German Parliamentary Debates
, p. 33.

70
Ibid., p. 92.

71
Ibid., p. 53.

72
Ibid., p. 57.

73
Ibid., p. 50.

74
Ibid., pp. 97-8; Winkler,
Germany: The Long Road West
, i, pp. 104-7.

75
German constitution in Eyck,
Revolutions of 1848-49
, pp. 149-60.

76
Quoted in Stiles,
Austria in 1848-49
, ii, p. 142.

77
Quoted in HÃ¼bner,
Une AnnÃ©e
, pp. 426-7.

78
Quoted in Eyck,
Revolutions of 1848-49
, p. 122.

79
Quoted in Sked,
Decline and Fall
, p. 125.

80
Spira,
Hungarian Count
, p. 275.

81
Quoted in Deme,
Radical Left
, p. 101.

82
Ibid., p. 105.

83
Quoted in Spira,
Hungarian Count
, pp. 284 (âI am to be blamed'), 289 (âKossuth's name').

84
Spira,
Hungarian Count
, pp. 295-301.

85
Quoted in Deme,
Radical Left
, p. 109.

86
Deak,
Lawful Revolution
, pp. 171-2.

87
Ibid., p. 172.

88
Deme,
Radical Left
, pp. 112-13.

89
Deak,
Lawful Revolution
,
passim
, but especially p. 174.

90
Leiningen-Westerburg,
Letters and Journal
, pp. 92-5.

91
Ibid., pp. 99, 103.

92
Deak,
Lawful Revolution
, pp. 208-10; Hitchins,
The Romanians
, p. 259.

93
R. R. Florescu, âDebunking a Myth: The Magyar-Romanian National Struggle of 1848-1849',
Austrian History Yearbook
, vols 12-13 (1976), p. 82.

94
Leiningen-Westerburg,
Letters and Journal
, p. 112.

95
Hitchins,
The Romanians
, pp. 259-60.

96
Leiningen-Westerburg,
Letters and Journal
, pp. 94-5.

97
Ibid., p. 105.

98
Ibid., pp. 144, 154.

99
Stiles,
Austria in 1848-49
, ii, pp. 155-7.

100
Leiningen-Westerburg,
Letters and Journal
, pp. 207-8.

101
GÃ¶rgey,
Life and Acts
, i, p. 2.

102
Deak,
Lawful Revolution
, p. 186; for GÃ¶rgey's account of the court martial and his judgement, see
Life and Acts
, i, pp. 8-31.

103
Ibid., p. 54.

104
Deak,
Lawful Revolution
, pp. 182-7.

105
GÃ¶rgey,
Life and Acts
, i, p. 109.

106
Ibid., p. 120.

107
Deak,
Lawful Revolution
, pp. 211-15

108
Quoted in Ginsborg,
Daniele Manin
, p. 296.

109
See Pepe's account in
Histoire
, pp. 185-8; Keates,
Siege of Venice
, pp. 270-2, 278-9, 284-6; Ginsborg,
Daniele Manin
, pp. 296-301; Trevelyan,
Manin
, p. 215; Bolton King,
History of Italian Unity
, i, pp. 342-3.

110
Quoted in Ginsborg,
Daniele Manin
, p. 278; see also Keates,
Siege of Venice
, pp. 256-7.

111
Ginsborg,
Daniele Manin
, pp. 279-89.

112
Quoted in ibid., p. 276.

113
Ibid., pp. 274-7.

114
Quoted in Berkeley and Berkeley,
Italy in the Making
, iii, p. 411.

115
Woolf,
History of Italy
, p. 392.

116
Quoted in Berkeley and Berkeley,
Italy in the Making
, iii, p. 401.

117
Bolton King,
History of Italian Unity
, i, p. 288.

118
Quoted in Berkeley and Berkeley,
Italy in the Making
, iii, p. 425.

119
Quoted in Beales and Biagini,
Risorgimento
, p. 245.

120
Quoted in Berkeley and Berkeley,
Italy in the Making
, iii, p. 434.

121
Quoted in G. M. Trevelyan,
Garibaldi's Defence of the Roman Republic 1848-9
(London: Longman, 1988), p. 88.

122
Berkeley and Berkeley,
Italy in the Making
, iii, pp. 440-1.

123
Details on Rossi's ministry, his murder and the November revolution in Rome in ibid., pp. 395-463; Bolton King,
History of Italian Unity
, i, pp. 280-5.

124
Quoted in Trevelyan,
Garibaldi's Defence
, p. 78.

125
Quoted in Woolf,
History of Italy
, p. 396.

126
Quoted in Hibbert,
Garibaldi and his Enemies
, p. 33.

127
Garibaldi,
My Life
, p. 16.

128
Ibid., p. 17.

129
Quoted in Trevelyan,
Garibaldi's Defence
, p. 85.

130
Garibaldi,
My Life
, p. 19.

131
Ibid., p. 21.

132
Ibid., p. 20.

133
Woolf,
History of Italy
, pp. 397-9.

134
Quoted in J. F. Macmillan,
Napoleon III
(Harlow: Longman, 1991), p. 13.

135
Quoted in Tombs,
France
, p. 398.

136
Details on Louis-Napoleon's early life in Macmillan,
Napoleon III
, pp. 7-17; Stern,
Histoire
, pp. 556-65.

137
Macmillan,
Napoleon III
, p. 28.

138
Quoted in Stern,
Histoire
, p. 568.

140
Lamartine,
History
, ii, p. 259.

141
Stern,
Histoire
, p. 567.

142
Quoted in ibid., p. 582.

143
Ibid., p. 583.

144
AN, BB/18/1465A (letter to the Minister of Justice, 2 July 1848).

145
Stern,
Histoire
, p. 578.

146
Tocqueville,
Souvenirs
, pp. 236-7.

147
De Luna,
French Republic
, pp. 366-7.

148
Quoted in ibid., p. 369.

149
Stern,
Histoire
, p. 572.

150
Agulhon,
1848
, pp. 97, 100-101.

CHAPTER 6

1
Eyck,
Revolutions of 1848-49
, pp. 156-9; Koch,
Constitutional History
, p. 65; âevery state and every community', quoted in Randers-Pehrson,
Germans and the Revolution
, p. 446.

2
Eyck,
Revolutions of 1848-49
, pp. 159-60; Koch,
Constitutional History
, pp. 65-6.

3
Bismarck,
Reflections and Reminiscences
, i, p. 63.

4
Valentin,
1848
, p. 373.

5
Quoted in Siemann,
German Revolution
, p. 200.

6
Quoted in Randers-Pehrson,
Germans and the Revolution
, p. 463.

7
Quoted in Valentin,
1848
, p. 407.

8
Quoted in Sperber,
Rhineland Radicals
, p. 360.

9
Schurz,
Reminscences
, i, p. 170.

10
Quoted in Sperber,
Rhineland Radicals
, p. 364.

11
For a detailed account and analysis on the revolution in the Rhineland, see Sperber,
Rhineland Radicals
, pp. 349-465.

12
This was the ill-fated âMay Conspiracy' in Prague, described by Stanley Pech,
Czech Revolution
, pp. 237-60.

13
E. Newman,
The Life of Richard Wagner
, 4 vols (New York: Knopf, 1968), ii, p. 80.