1775 (113 page)

Patriot vs. Tory sympathies in, 388

Scottish Brigade of, 388, 507

New England, 273–74

Anglicanism in, 82, 221, 236

arms procurement in, 11–12, 16, 30–32, 153, 154, 226, 231, 308, 309

Association enforcement in, 260–61

backcountry of, 175–76

border vulnerabilities of, 239, 274

British bombardment and burning of coastal towns in, 46, 342, 343–56, 390

British customs policy and, 114–15, 117, 119–20, 197

Calvinism as political force in, 214

Canadian invasion and, 272, 273–74, 285

Congregational dominance of revolutionary movement in, 74, 78

Continental Association adopted in, 254–55

Continental Congress and, 232–33

customs militancy in, 117, 277

enlistment of free blacks promoted in, 369–70, 375

as first theater of American Revolution, 225–48

frontier expansion in, 165,
166,
170–71, 172, 464

Indian threat and, 291

“Ipswich Fright” in, 349

Loyalists in, 234, 237

maritime economy of, 119–20, 122, 130, 140, 145, 318, 545

militias of, 16, 234, 245, 448

multicolony military expeditions in, 202

paper money in, 102, 110

Patriot dominance of, 78, 126, 127, 234–37, 239

population growth in, 462

privateering in, 503–4

provision and supply capacity of, 246–48

Puritan legacy in, 184

Quakers in, 240

royal governors expelled from, 17

as Royal Navy’s first target, 15–16, 17, 238, 239, 503, 545

rum distilling in, 118–19, 122

shipbuilding in, 318

smuggling in, 119, 277

territorial claims of,
47,
50,
55, 57

war mentality in, 27–28, 214, 369–70

West Indies trade of, 111–12, 115, 118–19, 143–44, 246, 307

New England Chronicle,
343

New England Restraining Act (1775), 144, 233, 259, 284, 317

Newfoundland, 284, 319

New Hampshire, 7, 20, 41, 144

Association enforcement in, 261

backcountry of, 175–76

Baptists in, 240, 562
n

competing territorial claims in, 55, 57, 59, 176, 242

Massachusetts militia aided by, 231, 456

militia of, 16, 235, 238

Patriot dominance of, 235

Provincial Congress of, 235, 236, 254–55, 439

Separate Baptists in, 190

New Jersey, 7, 20, 22, 43–45, 79, 417, 541

Anglicanism in, 83, 553
n
–54
n,
564
n
–65
n

Assembly of, 255

Association enforcement in, 261

blacks in, 374–75

civil war in, 198, 423

Connecticut expansionism and, 58

independence declaration authorized by, 442

Loyalists in, 418, 564
n
-65
n

militia engagements in, 419

paper money of, 100

Patriot leadership lacking in, 42–43

Provincial Congress of, 46, 439

Provincial Convention of, 22

runaway slaves in, 437

New Light Presbyterians, 79

New Lights, 79, 178, 184, 188

New Model Army, 159, 160

New Orleans, La., 508, 509

Newport
Mercury,
346

Newport, R.I., 65, 95–96, 201, 236, 319, 346, 348, 351, 352

New York City, 450

British burning of, 344

British evacuation of, 541

British invasion of, 19, 27, 144, 145, 315, 323, 336–37, 338, 341, 395, 437, 439–40, 444, 462, 475, 523, 524

British occupation of, 3, 344, 524, 538

as center of radicalism, 132–33

fighting near, 23, 546

HMS
Asia
’s firing on, 347–48

Mechanics Committee of, 145

merchant fleet of, 140–41

Patriots in, 41–42

tea protest in, 453–54

New York (colony), 7, 20, 234, 319, 417, 447, 541

ambivalence toward revolution in, 66, 432–33, 442, 465

and American invasion of Canada, 272, 463–65

Anglicanism in, 80, 82, 83, 553
n
–54
n,
564
n
–65
n

Assembly of, 255

Association enforcement in, 261

backcountry of, 175, 176

British invasion from Canada and, 272, 523, 524

civil war in, 198, 421–22, 423

Connecticut expansionism and, 58, 60

ethnic and religious conflict in, 419

frontier expansion in, 165,
166

German colonists in, 70, 180

Indians in, 361–62

Liberty Poles in, 137

Loyalists in, 22, 40–41, 46, 54, 87, 121, 125, 126, 127, 131, 180, 238, 239, 242, 261, 362, 418, 421–22, 437, 450, 564
n
–65
n

militia engagements in, 419

Patriots in, 40–41, 418, 464, 465

pre-Revolutionary growth of, 133,
134

Provincial Congress of, 21, 244, 255, 439, 442, 463

religious pluralism in, 79, 80, 554
n

Scots in, 180, 526

strategic importance of, 21, 41

territorial claims of, 57, 59, 235, 242–43, 421–22, 552
n

New York Harbor, 503

New York Journal,
32

Niagara, Fort, 280, 293–94, 309, 469

Nicholson, Francis, 279, 282

Ninety Six, First Battle of, 425

Ninety Six, Second Battle of, 426

Noddle’s Island, Battle of, 234, 245, 319, 493, 497

nonexportation, 253–54, 455, 544–45

see also
Continental Association

Norfolk Intelligencer,
481, 483

Norfolk Revenge,
501

Norfolk, Va., 483, 484,
485,
526

British bombardment of, 18, 344, 354, 488, 491

Loyalist dominance of, 128, 354, 480, 486

Patriots’ burning of, 344, 354, 488

North, Lord, 250–51, 304, 323, 356, 370, 372, 386, 430, 460, 475, 541

and first southern expedition, 337–42, 406, 482, 522, 525

and mercenary hiring, 379, 385, 387–88, 389, 392

and rebellion proclamation, 228, 229, 252, 266

resignation of, 520, 537

retaliatory strategy of, 227, 258, 259, 266, 268, 269, 317, 327

North Africa, white slavery in, 376

North Atlantic fisheries, 233, 269, 276–77, 284, 503, 509

North Carolina, 20, 63, 78, 82, 255, 309, 331, 395, 417, 487, 525

Anglicanism in, 83, 185

arms procurement in, 309, 311

Association enforcement in, 262, 333

backcountry of, 175, 177, 184, 185, 188, 420, 422

British expedition to, 333, 334,
335,
336–42, 528, 537

British regulation of currency in, 105–6

civil war in, 198, 415, 426–28, 524

Continental Association and, 256–57, 332

government corruption in, 177

governor’s flight from, 4, 18, 332, 427

immigration to, 167, 172–73, 422

Indian Boundary in, 168

Indian threat in, 181

Loyalists in, 18, 128, 333, 334, 336, 340, 418, 420, 426–28, 522, 523, 525, 526, 527, 528

militia engagements in, 419, 522

navy of, 496

nonimportation policy in, 254

Patriots in, 340, 427

Patriot strongholds in, 529–30

Presbyterian clergy in, 178

Provincial Congress of, 439, 530

Regulator movement in, 102, 167, 168, 172, 177–78, 188, 333, 334, 336, 418, 426, 428, 526–27

religious identity and political affiliation in, 185–87, 422

Scottish Highlanders in, 177, 333, 334, 336, 339, 340, 408, 418, 426–27, 428, 522, 525, 526–27

Separate Baptists in, 174, 563
n

slave uprising in, 372

Northern Indian Department, American, 362

Northern Indian Department, British, 180, 293–94, 361–62

Nova Scotia, 17, 57, 84, 274,
275,
278, 279, 284, 319, 469, 508

loyalties in, 288–89

Massachusetts expansionism and, 57

proposed American invasion of, 273, 288–90

Ohio Company, 124

Ohio River, 88, 276, 362, 478

Ohio Valley, 61, 64, 97, 124, 157, 362

Oneida Indians, 180, 184, 287, 360, 361

Ontario, Lake, 293

Ordnance Board, British, 322, 340–41

Origins of American Radicalism, The
(Nash), 132

Oriskany, Battle of, 180

Otter,
HMS, 18, 353, 354, 400, 402, 405, 411, 483, 484, 489–90

Oxford History of the British Empire,
278

Oxford,
HMS, 502

Paine, Thomas, 195, 199, 345, 443, 517

Palatine Germans, 70, 180

paper money, American, 98–99, 100, 110, 202, 546

British regulation of, 105–6

short supply of, 102–3

Paris, Treaty of (1763), 89

Parker, Peter, 339, 528, 529, 532, 534, 536

Parkman, Francis, 274, 282, 283

Parliament, 41, 104, 208–10

absolute authority claimed by, 209–10

Americans’ lack of representation in, 95

Parsons, Samuel Holden, 472

Passamaquoddy Indians, 287, 361

“passive obedience” doctrine, 85–88

Path of Destiny, The
(Raddall), 278

Patriarcha
(Filmer), 87

Patriot,
401, 502

Patriots, 13, 19, 82, 122, 126, 127, 153, 209, 211–12, 234–37, 239, 333, 340, 397–98, 427, 453, 456–57, 554
n

artisans and mechanics as, 123, 147

backcountry antipathy to, 171, 174–75

British taxation opposed by, 265, 267

burning of Norfolk by, 344, 354

Cape Fear River as stronghold of, 529–30, 573
n
–74
n

Cherokee defeats by, 183

communications mastery of, 12, 14

George III as focus of blame by, 15, 26, 344–45, 432, 434, 444

gunpowder as preoccupation of, 308–13, 397, 494, 542

in iron production, 130–31

land speculators as, 120, 121, 124–25

militias controlled by, 14–15, 541, 542

Norfolk burned by, 344, 354, 488

overconfidence of, 4, 27, 249, 250, 251, 268, 271

religious identification of, 77–78

ships of, 320–21

smugglers as, 120, 121

tobacco farmers as, 128–29

vestry Anglicans aligned with, 81, 82, 553
n

patronage system, 122

Paxton Boys, 158

Peace Germans, 70–71, 72, 124

Peggy Stewart,
399

Pennamite Wars, 60

Penn Charter, 22

Penn, John, 22, 38, 481, 541

Pennsylvania, 4, 7, 20, 55, 175, 179, 395, 541

ambivalence toward revolution in, 39–40, 66

Anglicanism in, 83

Assembly of, 157, 158, 159, 255, 441, 453

Association enforcement in, 261, 270–71

backcountry of, 171, 175, 177

civil war in, 421

Committee of Privates in, 149–50

Committee of Safety in, 46, 535

Conference of Committees of, 441

Connecticut expansionism and, 60, 62

expansionism in, 420

Germans in, 68, 69, 70–71, 72

indentured servants and transported convicts in, 366–67

independence declaration authorized by, 441

Indian frontier of, 181, 362

Loyalists in, 125, 418, 421, 565
n

merchant class in, 22

militia of, 149–51, 157–59

navy of, 495–96, 499, 504

Provincial Congress of, 439

Quakers in, 22, 39, 71

religious and ethnic conflict in, 158, 419, 554
n

religious pluralism in, 79–80, 554
n

Scotch-Irish in, 29, 39

territorial claims of, 61, 293, 421

Virginia expansionism and, 60, 62, 478, 481

Penn, William, 71, 196

Penobscot Indians, 273, 361, 469

Pensacola, Fla., 514, 516, 537

Pequot Indians, 361

Philadelphia Directory, The,
146

Philadelphia, 6, 31, 39, 79, 122, 134, 159, 270–71

artisans and mechanics in, 144, 145–47

Catholics in, 410

as center of radicalism, 132–33

Committee of Sixty-six in, 261

economic downturns in, 147–48

Loyalists in, 125, 126, 127, 565
n

Patriots in, 126

pre-Revolutionary growth of, 133,
134,
140

as shipbuilding center, 140

tea protest in, 453

wealth inequality in, 148

Philippa,
HMS, 33, 325, 495

Philip V, King of Spain, 509

Pigwacket Indians, 361

pilot boats, 501–2

Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, 185

Piscataqua Harbor, 347

Piscataqua River, 404, 499

Pitt, Fort, 165, 362, 364

Pittsburgh, 181, 294, 362, 363

Pitt, William (the Elder), 204, 265, 267, 268, 276, 304, 519

Pitt, William (the Younger), 200

Plymouth colony, 10, 453, 564
n

Point Pleasant, Battle of, 478

Poland, 1772 partition of, 519–20

Polly,
304–5, 494

Pontiac’s War (1763–1764), 179

population growth:

of American cities, 133–34,
134,
140

in American colonies, 134, 203, 204, 268, 462

in Great Britain, 134

Portland, Maine,
see
Falmouth, Maine

Port Royal (Nova Scotia), 274, 279, 282

Portsmouth, N.H., 319, 347, 351, 404

Potomac River, 394, 405–6, 499

Pownall, Fort, 230

Presbyterianism, Presbyterians, 39, 41, 69, 74, 76, 78, 79–80, 185, 196, 213, 216, 381, 410, 422

factions in, 73, 79, 82, 174, 178, 190

Loyalist antipathy to, 120

as Loyalists, 554
n

as Patriots, 70, 120–21, 122

and political identification, 190

as “republican” religion, 86

revolutionary spirit and, 80

Preston, Charles, 467, 468

Preston,
HMS, 449, 498, 502

Princeton, Battle of, 24

privateers, American, 13–14, 138, 139–40, 320, 323, 328–29, 353, 438, 496, 497, 503–5

Privy Council, British, 110–11, 113, 210, 305, 308, 384

Proclamation of Armed Neutrality, 520