1775 (112 page)

Jamaica, 119, 358, 513, 516, 520

James I, King of England, 215, 219

James II, King of England, 87–88, 435

James River, 481, 499

Jamestown, Va., 350,
485

Jay, John, 442, 465

Jefferson, Thomas, 62, 70, 97, 107, 113, 124, 171, 185, 199, 200, 227, 308, 341, 354, 358, 399, 415, 431, 451, 461, 482

anti-Indian racism of, 183, 357

and blaming of King George, 429, 434, 444

conspiracy theory of, 88, 216–17, 543

debt problem and, 108, 111

Declaration of Independence and, 6, 68–69, 191, 357, 428, 430, 433–37

Norfolk burning and, 354, 488

Jellison, Richard M., 91, 105

Jenkinson, Charles, 524, 537

Jensen, Merrill, 103, 249, 266

Jeremiah, Thomas, 373, 535

Johnson, Fort, 18, 424, 531,
533,
534

Johnson, Guy, 293, 361

Johnson, Samuel, 191, 357, 375

Johnson, William, 70, 180, 293, 360, 362, 421

Johnston, Fort, 18, 427, 529, 574
n

Jones, John Paul, 496

Joseph II, Emperor of Austria, 519

Justice Act, 8–9

Katy,
16, 326, 346–47

Keith, Robert, 147, 157

Kennebec-Chaudière corridor, 239, 273, 290–92

Kennebec River, 238, 291

Kentucky, 62, 124, 168, 175, 478

King George III,
HMS, 286

King George’s Correspondence
(Fortescue, ed.), 30

King George’s War, 54, 283

Kirkland, Moses, 129, 423, 424

Kite, Elizabeth S., 302–3

Knox, Henry, 247

Knox, William, 164, 409, 522, 537

Lafayette, Marquis de, 308, 437

Lamb, John, 145, 347

land speculators, 120, 477, 480

as Patriots, 120, 121, 124–25

in Virginia, 60, 61, 97, 124–25, 168, 363, 491

Language of Liberty, The
(Clark), 414

Laurens, Henry, 114, 117, 143, 185, 535

Lecky, William E., 69, 378, 379

Lee, Arthur, 90, 113, 124

Lee, Charles, 69, 245, 310–11

Lee, Richard Henry, 113, 399, 434, 435, 443, 453, 456, 477, 486, 490

independence resolution of, 433, 439, 441, 442

Legge, Francis, 288, 290

Lewis, Andrew, 155, 363, 465, 489–90

Lexington,
403

Lexington and Concord, Battle of, 3, 6, 10–11, 13, 16, 26, 27, 29, 46, 153, 229, 230, 233, 297, 308, 309, 345, 362–63, 438, 448, 457, 504

first-blood issue in, 12–13, 225–26, 232, 243

Liberty,
345–46, 401, 472, 492, 493, 502

Liberty Bell, 6

Liberty Boys, 41, 309

Liberty
(
Elizabeth
), 495

Liberty Jackets, 136–37

Liberty Poles, Liberty Trees, 136, 137, 147, 494

Liberty on the Waterfront
(Gilje), 132

Lincoln, Abraham, 198, 437

Linzee, John, 348–49, 351, 493

Lisbon, 302, 305

Liverpool,
HMS, 354, 408, 500

Livingston family, 42, 80, 123, 421, 464, 465

Livingston, William, 37, 43–44, 79

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 225

Long Island, Connecticut expansionism and, 58, 60

Lord Dunmore’s War (1774), 62, 124, 155, 156, 203, 478, 576
n

Loudoun, Earl of, 54, 280

Louisbourg, 202, 280, 282, 283

Louis, Chief, 292, 361

Louisiana, 508, 509, 513, 515, 516–17, 537

Louis XI, King of France, 218

Louis XIV, King of France, 392

Louis XV, King of France, 304, 509

Louis XVI, King of France, 303, 304, 313

Loyalists, 70, 120, 123, 127, 183, 239–40, 320, 331–32, 338, 404

Anglicans as, 127, 410, 411, 553
n
–54
n,
564
n
–65
n

in Boston, 8, 125, 126, 127, 237

in Chesapeake Bay region, 404, 410–11, 412–13

in Connecticut, 51–52, 122, 154–55, 240–42, 418, 564
n
–65
n

Continental Association and, 254, 269

Crown office holders as, 121

in Delmarva peninsula, 23–24, 42, 198, 407, 408–9, 410, 418

doctors and lawyers as, 121–22

in Georgia, 181, 333

greater self-determination favored by, 93

in Massachusetts, 8, 122, 125, 126, 127, 157, 230, 239–40, 564
n
–65
n

merchants as, 122, 125–28

Methodists and, 187–88, 410–11, 563
n

in middle colonies, 22, 37, 80

militias’ suppression of, 155, 162, 163

in Nantucket, 239–40, 320, 565
n

in New England, 234, 237

in New Jersey, 418, 564
n
–65
n

in New York, 22, 40–41, 46, 54, 87, 121, 126, 127, 131, 180, 238, 239, 242, 261, 362, 418, 421–22, 437, 450, 564
n
–65
n

in North Carolina, 18, 128, 333, 334, 336, 340, 418, 420, 426–28, 522, 523, 525, 526, 527, 528

“passive obedience” doctrine and, 85–86

patronage system and, 122

in Pennsylvania, 125, 418, 421, 565
n

in Plymouth colony, 10, 564
n

Quakers as, 125–26, 196

in Rhode Island, 240

in South Carolina, 121, 128, 182, 333, 418, 420, 523

in southern backcountry, 189, 190, 193–94

in Virginia, 128, 332, 354, 397, 400–401, 402, 408, 480, 484, 486

lumber industry, 129

Lutherans, Lutheranism, 39, 70, 71, 72, 74, 79–80, 83, 174

Lyttleton, William Henry, 371–72

McCusker, John, 91, 104–5

MacDonald, Donald, 334, 428

McDougall, Alexander, 138, 464

Machias, Maine, 351, 494

McIntosh, Lachlan, 70, 157

McKean, Thomas, 24, 421

McKee, Alexander, 293–94

Mackesy, Piers, 161, 162, 225, 314, 322, 542

Maclean, Allan, 294, 469–70

Magdalen,
HMS, 28, 478, 481

Maine, 4, 55, 57, 175, 454

Manchac, 514, 517, 537

manifest destiny, 9, 51–52

Mansfield, Lord, 208, 359, 389

Marblehead, Mass., 306, 316, 317, 319, 348, 351, 453

Margueritta,
HMS, 351, 494

Martinique, 32, 115, 299, 398, 504

Martin, Josiah, 111, 177, 257, 260, 332, 333–34, 337–39, 372, 373, 408, 418–19, 426, 427–28, 527, 528

Mary I, Queen of England, 219

Mary II, Queen of England, 391

Maryland, 7, 20, 22, 43, 78, 81, 108, 159, 262, 368, 372, 395, 491

arms procurement in, 311, 398

Chesapeake defenses and, 405

committees of correspondence in, 38

conservatism of, 23

Convention of, 541

Council of Safety of, 502

debt in, 108, 111

fear of slave uprisings in, 479

indentured servants in, 192, 366–67, 577
n

independence declaration authorized by, 442

Loyalists in, 198

militias in, 399–400, 401

navy of, 402, 496

Patriot dominance of, 397–98

Patriot leadership lacking in, 42–43

Provincial Congress of, 256, 399

Provincial Conventions in, 439

Scotch-Irish in, 397–98

transported convicts in, 191, 192, 193, 366–67, 577
n

war mentality in, 399

Mason, George, 113, 124, 160, 217, 264, 405, 435–36

Massachusetts, 4, 6, 20, 37, 95, 120, 144, 326, 447–48, 496, 540

aggressive mindset of, 60–61

arms procurement in, 153, 297, 311

Association enforcement in, 261

backcountry of, 175

in British expedition against French Canada, 282

British focus on, 20, 38

Canadian invasion and, 272

Charter of 1691 of, 8, 448, 454, 551
n
–52
n

Coercive Acts and, 7–9, 211, 217, 455

collapse of British strategy for, 450–51, 459–60

Committee of Safety in, 9, 30–31, 153, 231, 297, 497

committees of correspondence in, 21, 38, 452–53, 456

Committee of Supply in, 30–31, 153, 306

confrontation between legislatures and royal governors of, 45–46

currency issues in, 101

debt uprisings in, 110

expansionism in, 44, 54–55, 57–58, 175

fishing industry in, 246, 317

General Court of, 328–29, 355, 503–4

House of Representatives of, 45, 452, 454

judicial system of, 211

land bank of, 105

and legacy of English Civil War, 414–15

Loyalists in, 8, 122, 125, 126, 127, 154, 230, 239–40, 564
n
–65
n

militias of, 9, 10–11, 12, 16, 21, 151–52, 230, 231, 238, 452, 456, 472

Patriot dominance of, 23, 126, 127, 153, 211, 235–36, 239, 453

political and cultural influence of, 55, 66

Provincial Congress of, 9, 30, 153, 161, 226, 231, 235–36, 254, 288, 296, 324, 349, 353, 360, 439

religious conflict in, 184

revolutionary centrality of, 12, 451–57

rum distilling in, 119, 127

temporary troops employed by, 152, 154

territorial claims of,
47,
55, 57, 176, 276

war mentality in, 38

Massachusetts Bay, 15

Massachusetts Circular Letter, 48–49

Massachusetts Government Act (1774), 8, 211, 217, 455

Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence, 190–91, 201

Mecklenburg Resolves, 191

Menard, Russell, 91, 104–5

mercantilism, 92, 93, 94, 98, 114, 131, 205–6, 256, 265, 518, 520

mercenaries:

German, 6, 68, 344, 377, 378–79, 387–88, 389–93, 507

Russian, 6, 7, 388–89, 391, 507, 511

merchants, 22, 140–41, 145, 247

political loyalties of, 122, 125–28

Mercury,
HMS, 408, 481

Methodists, 174, 216

as Loyalists, 187–88, 410–11, 563
n

Middlebrook, Louis, 247–48

middle colonies:

Association enforcement in, 261

conservatism in, 23, 28

Continental Association adopted in, 255

Germans in, 71–72

Loyalists in, 22, 37, 80

outright break with Britain opposed by, 432–33, 438, 441–42

political geography of, 20–24

Reformed churches in, 79–80, 563
n

religion as major determinant of loyalties in, 73, 554
n

royal governors in, 20

urban radicals in, 20

violent confrontations as rare in, 46

Middle Department, 20

Middle Indian Department, American, 362, 364

Middletown Convention, 51–52

Mifflin, Fort, 404

military service, ethnicity and, 68–69

militias, 9, 10–11, 12, 16, 21, 28–29, 41, 52, 234, 419

British contempt for, 152, 162–63

as de facto police, 151, 160, 161, 162

egalitarian ideas fostered by, 151

as foundation for American Revolution, 160–63

Loyalists among, 123

Loyalist suppression by, 155, 162, 163

Patriot dominance of, 14–15, 541, 542

in Patriot vs. Loyalist clashes, 419, 420, 423–26

runaway slaves and, 151, 357–58

in skirmishes and small engagements, 157, 161–62

urban radicalism and, 136, 149, 150–64

see also
specific colonies

Miller, John C., 452, 453

Millis, Walter, 14–15, 162

Mingo Indians, 62, 362, 364, 478

Ministry Act (1705), 80

Minorca, 514, 516

Minutemen, The
(Galvin), 10–11, 151

Mississippi River, 512, 514, 521

Mitre and Sceptre
(Bridenbaugh), 84

Mobile, Ala., 514, 537

Mohawk Indians, 360, 361–62

Mohawk River-Oswego path, 273

Mohawk River Valley, 70, 180, 293, 421, 462

Mohegan Indians, 361

molasses, 112, 115, 118, 278

smuggling of, 95–96, 116, 119, 197

Molasses Act (1733), 116

Money and Politics in America, 1755–1775
(Ernst), 106

money supply, 102–5, 133, 197

in American colonies, 94, 95, 98, 102–3, 104, 105, 106–7, 133

Monmouth, Battle of, 524

Montgomery, Richard, 287, 292, 294, 297, 300, 309, 464, 465, 466, 467–68, 470, 471, 474

Montreal, 17, 19, 273, 274, 285, 286, 288, 293, 351, 463, 466, 469, 470, 473

American capture of, 294, 468, 475

British munitions in, 309

Montresor, John, 290, 291

Moore, Henry, 99–100

Moore’s Creek Ridge, Battle of, 157, 337, 428, 522, 527–28, 537

Moravians, 71, 178, 188, 336, 422

Morris, Gouverneur, 442, 465

Morris, Robert, 306, 324, 397, 442

Motley, John Lothrop, 213, 214

Moultrie, Fort, 537

Moultrie, William, 28, 156, 301, 531

Mowat, Henry, 351–53

Muhlenberg, Henry Melchior, 71, 158, 419

Mulkey, Philip, 188–89, 190, 424

munitions,
see
arms and munitions

Murray, Fort, 481, 486

Murray, James, 278, 536

Nancy,
HMS, 305, 327, 449, 504

Nantes, 302, 304, 306–7, 311, 312, 328

Nantucket, 129, 130

Loyalist sympathies of, 239–40, 320, 565
n

Narragansett Bay, 493, 499

Nash, Gary, 132, 135, 159, 366

nationalism, 7, 27, 44, 92, 196, 199, 200–204

Native Americans:

American Revolution and, 357, 358, 360–61

Americans’ negotiations with, 27

in Canada, 272–73, 274, 287–88, 293, 359, 462, 473, 475

neutrality of, 360–61, 362, 364

in New York, 361–62

pro-American sentiments of, 180

as slave owners and traders, 375–76

see also
specific tribes

navies, provincial, 346, 347, 401, 402, 404–6, 495–96, 499–502, 504, 531, 536

Navigation Acts, 94, 112, 113, 114

Navigation Acts and the American Revolution, The
(Dickerson), 143

Navy Board, British, 322, 337, 340–41

Navy, U.S.:

origins of, 492–505

see also
Continental Navy

Nelson, James L., 314, 492

neo-Whig (Consensus) historians, 104, 205, 218, 284

Netherlands, 141

American arms acquisitions aided by, 297, 299, 304–5, 306, 312, 508