Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader: North Korea and the Kim Dynasty (178 page)

policy criticized by opponents,
106
,
111
,
358

Chonsam-ri, cooperative farm,
160–164

Chongsan-ri method,
163

eclipsed by industry,
96

fertility, compared with South’s,
51
,
63–64

Haksan cooperative farm,
359–360

hillside planting,
4
,
57
,
162
,
224
,
393
,
614

irrigation,
161

individual plots,
103
,
358
,
359
,
662

as support network for landless relatives,
663

leased land, Russian Far East,
561

livestock,
358–359
,
427
,
468
,
531–532

mechanization,
163
,
184–185
,
468

model farms,
8

soil types,
184
,
358

weather, effects from,
103

Fate of a Self-Defense Corps Man
,
251–252

fisheries,
480

flooding,
552
,
553
,
556

effect on coal mines,
643

Flower Girl
,
254
,
272
,
326
,
327
,
361–362

flunkeyism,
9
,
88
,
89
,
108–109
,
111

food

cannibalism,
618

corn (maize) as substitute for rice,
103
,
117
,
563–564

famine,
308
,
552–553

death toll,
552
,
561
,
571
,
618

rental coffins,
624

grain trading (black market),
103
,
500
,
517

hunger

affecting loyalty,
386

enhancing fighting spirit,
513–514

malnutrition, stunted growth, ulcers, kidney and liver dysfunction, skin discoloration,
308
,
309
,
428
,
431
,
552–553

meat,
449
,
458
,
500

pine bark, corn cobs, “green porridge,”
622–623

rationing,
103
,
308
,
405
,
428

irregularity, suspension of distribution, due to shortage,
308
,
312
,
491
,
500
,
531

priority recipients, regional imbalances,
418
,
560–561
,
564
,
565
,
572
,
576
,
623–624

rice aid (1984) to South,
342
,
392
,
415
,
427

“rice and meat soup,” promised by Kim Il-sung,
97

shortages,
405

in 1940s,
54
,
58
,
342
,
357

in 1950s,
357

in 1960s,
266

in 1970s,
6
,
427

in 1980s,
265
,
342
,
357–358
,
392–393
,
415–416
,
427

in 1990s,
265
,
308
,
312
,
427
,
441–442
,
513
,
571
,
634
,
635

slogan, “Let’s eat two meals a day,”
468

soybeans,
103

starvation,
265
,
570–571
,
618
,
621
,
624

defection as alternative to,
532

war as alternative to,
488
,
526

theft,
428
,
442

war reserves,
433
,
513–514

deterrent value,
517
,
657

See also
aid: international food; Korean People’s Army (KPA): food: war reserves, diversion to peacetime use; United Nations: World Food Program

force reduction, mutual, proposed 1958,
114

fortification,
133
,
338
,
513

airfield hardening,
129

See also
tunnel(s); underground factories

gangs, juvenile,
227–232

General Sherman
incident,
13

Geneva conference (1954),
100
,
114

Geneva Convention,
86

genocide,
487
,
558–567

ginseng,
175

gold,
197
,
275
,
276
,
369
,
451
,
480
,
563

Gorbachev, Mikhail,
352
,
397
,
400
,
465
,
574
,
628

Graham, Rev. Billy,
350
,
599

gross national product (GNP)

1953, 104,

1965, 121

1976,
124

growth in 1999,
634

shrinkage, from 1990,
468

gulag.
See
punishment

Hamgyong Province, North,
503–504
,
506
,
560
,
561

handicapped, midgets,
382–383
,
418

Han Duk-su (Chongryon chairman),
298

Han Song-hui (wife of Kim Il-sung),
43
,
187–188

Happy Corps.
See
Mansions Special Volunteer Corps

health care and medicine,
173–176
,
312

colonial period compared,
174

doctors’ pay,
174

life expectancy,
175

free provision of, as selling point,
101

mental illness,
176

pharmaceuticals,
175
,
307

self-sacrifice by health workers,
173–174
,
383
,
385–386

traditional medicine,
175–176

heaven, mandate of,
553

hermit kingdom.
See
isolation

historical interpretations, left-revisionist,
66
,
134–135
,
145
,
364–365
,
628–629

Ho Dam (foreign minister),
189
,
275

Hodge, Gen. John R.,
51

Ho Ka-i,
94–95

holidays,
2
,
8
,
328

Hong Won-myong (kidnapped son of diplomat),
592–596
,
631–632

Hong Yong-dal (Hyundai executive),
638

Hong Yung-hui (actress),
319
,
327

household cooperation communities,
404–405
,
616

housing,
160
,
184–185
,
359
,
408–409

construction, revived,
663

elite,
193
,
458
,
499

homelessness, due to famine,
623

ondol
heating system,
118

prefabrication,
118

“tile-roofed,”
97
,
162

human rights,
343–344
,
454
,
463
,
568
,
603

foreign criticisms and Pyongyang’s responses,
622
,
627
,
628–631

human trafficking allegations,
678–679

U.S. congressional legislation,
677–678

See also
legal procedures, justice, individual rights; punishment; purges; surveillance

humor,
229
,
261
,
295

Hungary,
107
,
342
,
343
,
394

Hua Guofeng,
644

Hu Yaobang,
325

Hwang Chang-pyong, Lt. Col. (chemical weapons developer),
487
,
538

Hwang Jang-yop (party secretary for ideology),
209
,
211
,
242
,
259–260
,
262–263
,
280
,
318
,
365–366
,
436
,
494
,
499–500
,
508–509
,
548–549
,
576
,
673
,
682
,
687
,
701

declining influence,
243

defection of (1997),
646
,
710

as loss of face for Kim Jong-il,
695

on Kim Il-sung’s historical falsification,
12
,
109
,
321

on Kim Il-sung’s leadership,
116–118
,
190
,
282

on Kim Jong-il’s management style,
282–287

Moscow trip with Kims, father and son,
216

on “royal villas,”
196

on Soviet, Chinese opposition to southward strike in 1960,
124–125

on succession, transition,
192–193
,
237–238
,
270
,
277
,
339
,
484–485

on Tae-an work system shortcomings,
122

hygiene, personal,
577–578
,
584
,
621

Hyundai,
477–478
,
480
,
639–640

illegitimacy,
192
.
See also
Kim Il-sung: offspring of, unacknowledged

“impure elements,”
6
,
238
.
See also
espionage; sabotage

Im Su-gyong (South Korean student activist),
365
,
608
,
625

incentives

Kim Jong-il’s views on,
333
,
336–337

non-monetary,
122
,
471

monetary,
180
,
360

indoctrination