The Longest August (71 page)

54
. Anant Mathur, “Secrets of COIN Success: Lessons from the Punjab Campaign,”
Faultlines
20 (January 2011).

55
. Kaufman, “Punjab's Golden Temple.”

56
. Kaufman, “India Blames Pakistan.”

57
. Barbara Crossette, “Who Killed Zia?”
World Policy Journal
22, no. 3 (Fall 2005).

58
. Cited in Edward Jay Epstein, “Who Killed Zia?,”
Vanity Fair
, September 1989.

59
. Epstein, “Who Killed Zia?”

60
. Crossette, “Who Killed Zia?”

61
. Epstein, “Who Killed Zia?”

62
. Fatima Bhutto,
Songs of Blood and Sword: A Daughter's Memoir
(London: Jonathan Cape, 2010 / New York: Nation Books, 2010), 281.

63
. Cited in Epstein, “Who Killed Zia?”

64
. Crossette, “Who Killed Zia?”

65
. Bhutto,
Songs of Blood and Sword
, 282.

66
. Robert D. Kaplan, “How Zia's Death Helped the US,”
New York Times
, August 23, 1989.

67
. Crossette, “Who Killed Zia?”

68
. Ibid.

69
. Atul Sethi, “20 Years On, Zia's Death Still a Mystery,”
Times of India
, August 17, 2008, citing Edward Jay Epstein on the twentieth anniversary of Zia ul Haq's assassination.

70
.
A Case of Exploding Mangoes
was long-listed for the prestigious Booker Prize in Britain in 2008.

Chapter 13: Rajiv-Benazir Rapport—Cut Short

1
. Cited in “Benazir Bhutto: Oxford Party Girl Cursed by Blood-Soaked Family Dynasty,”
Daily Mail
(London), December 28, 2007.

2
. G. Parthasarathy, “Rumblings in Pakistan: Zardari Is Indeed on a Slippery Slope,”
Tribune
(Chandigarh, India), October 2, 2008.

3
. Unlike the bygone years, when Muhammad Yusuf Khan had to change his name to Dilip Kumar, a Hindu name, to win popular accolade, none of the latter-day Khans had felt the need to do so. This was a measure of how secularism was taking root in India, with most Indians regarding religion as a strictly personal matter with no professional or political implication.

4
. Meena Gopal, “Benazir Bhutto Riposte: ‘I Kept My Word, Rajiv Didn't,'”
Outlook India
, December 31, 2007.

5
. Cited in Madhu Jain, “French Leave: Rajiv Gandhi Embarks on Giddy Five-Day Three-Nation Tour,”
India Today
, August 15, 1989.

6
. “Editorial: The Brothers Hinduja and the Bofors Scandal,”
Frontline
(Chennai), October 28–November 10, 2000.

7
. The
Hindu
was edited by Narasimha Ram, a graduate of Columbia University's School of Journalism in New York.

8
. In 2012 the Supreme Court ruled that Ishaq Khan, General Aslam Beg, and Lieutenant General Asad Durrani, the ISI chief, had conspired to provide financial assistance to the IJI. See “Asghar Khan Short Order, Full Text,”
Express Tribune
(Karachi), October 19, 2012; and Husain Haqqani,
Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military
(Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005), 248.

9
. Cited in Haqqani,
Pakistan
, 294.

10
. Haqqani,
Pakistan
, 296.

11
. Barbara Crossette, “Assassination in India: A Blast, and Then the Wailing Started,”
New York Times
, May 21, 1991.

12
. Most of her twenty-six coplotters were sentenced to death by the trial court seven years later. Upon appeal, in January 2014 the Supreme Court commuted the capital punishment sentences of fifteen of them to life imprisonment. The next month it did the same in the case of three others. “Rajiv Gandhi Murder: India Court Suspends Plotters' Release,” BBC News, February 20, 2014.

13
. Shekhar Gupta, “India in the Dock: Babri Masjid Demolition 1992: How the World Reacted,”
India Today
, December 5, 2011.

14
. “Pakistanis Attack 30 Hindu Temples,”
New York Times
, December 8, 1992.

15
. Adrian Levy and Catherine Scott-Clark,
Deception: Pakistan, the United States and the Secret Trade in Nuclear Weapons
(New York: Walker & Company, 2007), 240.

16
. Harinder Baweja, “Get America Out of the Way and We'll Be OK,”
Tehelka
, February 2, 2008.

17
. “The RAW: Understanding India's External Intelligence Agency,”
Indian Defence Forum
, September 29, 2009,
http://defenceforumindia.com/forum/defence-strategic-issues/5670-raw-understanding-indias-external-intelligence-agency.html
.

18
. Hamish Telford, “Counter-Insurgency in India: Observations from Punjab and Kashmir,”
Journal of Conflict Studies
21, no. 1 (Spring 2001).

19
. Victoria Schofield,
Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War
, rev. ed. (London: I. B. Tauris, 2003), 172.

20
. The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) was first passed in 1958 to cover the “disturbed” areas in northeast India. It still remains in force there.

21
. Jason Burke, “Indian Officers Named in Report on Kashmir Abuses,”
Guardian
(London), December 6, 2012.

22
. Basharat Peer,
Curfewed Night
(Noida: Random House India, 2009) /
Curfewed Night: One Kashmiri Journalist's Frontline Account of Life, Love, and War in His Homeland
(New York: Scribner, 2010) /
Curfewed Night: A Frontline Memoir of Life, Love and War in Kashmir
(London: Harper, 2010), 143.

23
. Dilip Hiro,
Apocalyptic Realm: Jihadists in South Asia
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012), 103.

24
. Schofield,
Kashmir in Conflict
, 176, 177, 183.

25
. Hiro,
Apocalyptic Realm
, 104.

26
. Cited in Schofield,
Kashmir in Conflict
, 194.

27
. Levy and Scott-Clark,
Deception
, 255–256.

28
. “Pakistan Against Forces of Extremism: PM,”
Dawn
(Karachi), April 6, 1995.

29
. Cited by A. G. Noorani, “The Truth About the Lahore Summit,”
Frontline
(Chennai), February 16–March 1, 2002.

30
. Ibid.

31
. “Pakistan Nuclear Weapons—A Chronology,” Federation of American Scientists, June 3, 1998,
https://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/nuke/chron.htm
.

Chapter 14: Gate-Crashing the Nuclear Club

1
. Every year, at a grand ceremony, each recruit of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh made his donation to the leader of his branch.

2
. “‘The Sangh Is My Soul,' Writes Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the First Swayamsevak Who Became Prime Minister,”
Samvada
, December 24, 2012,
http://samvada.org/2012/news/the-sangh-is-my-soul -writes-atal-bihari-vajpayee-the-first-swayamsevak-who-became-pm
.

3
. Carey Sublette, “India's Nuclear Weapons Program: The Momentum Builds: 1989–1998,” Nuclear Weapon Archive, March 30, 2001,
http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaMomentum.html
.

4
. T. V. Paul, “The Systemic Bases of India's Challenge to the Global Nuclear Order,”
Nonproliferation Review
(Fall 1998).

5
. Cited in ibid.

6
. Cited in Sublette, “India's Nuclear Weapons Program.”

7
. See Chapter 11, p. 222.

8
. “Weapons of Peace: How the CIA Was Fooled,”
India Today
, May 17, 1999.

9
. “On This Day, 11 May 1998: India Explodes Nuclear Controversy,” BBC News, 2003.

10
. Tim Weiner, “Nuclear Anxiety: The Blunders: US Blundered on Intelligence, Officials Admit,”
New York Times
, May 13, 1998.

11
. Cited in Reem Siddiqi, “Nuclear Arms in India: A Weapon for Political Gain,”
Monitor: Journal of International Studies
7, no. 1 (Fall 2000).

12
. Thomas Blom Hansen,
The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999), 3. A few opinion polls showed 92 percent favoring India going nuclear. “India Focus: Strategic Analysis and Forecast,”
India Focus: Strategic Analysis and Forecasts
, May 1998,
http://www.indiastrategy.com/may98.htm
.

13
. John F. Burns, “Nuclear Anxiety: The Overview: Pakistan, Answering India, Carries out Nuclear Test'; Clinton's Appeal Rejected,”
New York Times
, May 29, 2013.

14
. Rai Muhammad Saleh Azam, “When Mountains Move—The Story of Chagai,”
Defence Journal
, June 2000.

15
. In a cold test, a nuclear bomb is triggered without the fissile material required to detonate it.

16
. Carey Sublette, “Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program: 1998: The Year of Testing,” Nuclear Weapon Archive, September 10, 2001,
http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Pakistan/PakTests.html
.

17
. “US Offered $5 Bn to Refrain from Nuclear Tests: Nawaz Sharif,”
Times of India
, May 28, 2010.

18
. Sublette, “Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program.”

19
. Raj Chengappa and Zahid Hussain, “Bang for Bang: Pokhran Tests Fallout,”
India Today
, June 8, 1998.

20
. Christopher Walker and Michael Evans, “Pakistan Feared Israeli Raid: Missiles Were Put on Alert to Counter Strike at Nuclear Sites,”
Times
(London), June 3, 1998.

21
. Cited in Sublette, “Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program.”

22
. Burns, “Nuclear Anxiety.”

23
. John Ward Anderson and Kamran Khan, “Pakistan Declares Intention to Use Arms in Self-Defense,”
Washington Post
, May 30, 1998.

24
.
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
(July 1998): 24.

25
. “Arms Control and Proliferation Profile: India,” Arms Control Association, July 2013,
http://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/indiaprofile
.

26
. Husain Haqqani,
Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military
(Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005), 248, 247.

27
. Farhan Bokhari, Stephen Fidler, and Roula Khalaf, “Saudi Oil Money Joins Forces with Nuclear Pakistan,”
Financial Times
, August 5, 2004.

28
. Cited in Amjad Abbas Maggsi, “Lahore Declaration February, 1999: A Major Initiative for Peace in South Asia,”
Pakistan Vision
14, no. 1 (2013): 183–201.

29
. Amit Baruha,
Dateline Islamabad
(New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2007), 119.

30
. A. G. Noorani, “The Truth About the Lahore Summit,”
Frontline
, February 16–March 1, 2002.

31
. Ibid.

32
. Haqqani,
Pakistan
, 363n205.

33
. Pamela Philipose, “The Symbol of Pakistan,”
Indian Express
, February 22, 1999.

34
. “Lahore Declaration,”
http://www.nti.org/treaties-and-regimes/lahore-declaration
. The Indian and Pakistani foreign secretaries had prepared the draft of this agreement a month earlier.

35
. Kenneth J. Cooper, “India, Pakistan Kindle Hope for Peace,”
Washington Post
, February 21, 1999.

36
. Philipose, “The Symbol of Pakistan.”

37
. Cited in Ranbir Vohra,
The Making of India: A Historical Survey
(Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2000), 309.

38
. “Clinton Welcomes Meeting Between Vajpayee and Sharif,” press release, February 22, 1999,
http://www.fas.org/news/india/1999/99022301_nlt.htm
.

39
. After the coup in October 1999, General Pervez Musharraf sacked Air Chief Pervez Mahdi Qureshi.

40
. Praveen Swami, “Pakistan Revisits the Kargil War,”
Hindu
, June 21, 2008. See also “The Musharraf Tapes—II,” Moral Volcano Daily Press
(blog), January 11, 2004,
https://moralvolcano.wordpress .com/tag/musharraf
; Haqqani,
Pakistan
, 252.

41
. Praveen Swami, “Pakistan Revisits the Kargil War,”
Hindu
, June 21, 2008; Malik Zahoor Ahmad, “The Unsung Hero of Kargil,”
News
(Karachi), February 20, 2013.

42
. “G8 Statement on Regional Issues,” June 20, 1999,
http://www.g8.fr/evian/english/navigation /g8_documents/archives_from_previous_summits/cologne_summit_-_1999/g8_statement_on_regional _issues.html
.

43
. “Pakistan Warns of Kashmir War Risk,” BBC News, June 23, 1999.

44
. “Pervez Musharraf Claims 1999 Kargil Operation Was a Big Success for Pak Army,”
India Today
, February 1, 2013.

45
. Rezaul H. Laskar, “Sharif After Kargil: ‘Mr President, Pak Army Will GET Me,'”
Rediff News
(Mumbai), February 26, 2013
.

46
. “Pakistan Warns of Kashmir War Risk.”