The Longest August (68 page)

35
. See Chapter 1, p. 11.

36
. “Quaid-i-Azam Corner, Jinnah's Condolence Message on the Death of Gandhi,”
Republic of Rumi
, January 30, 1948,
http://pakistanspace.tripod.com/archives
/
jinnah19480130.htm
.

37
. “Jinnah's Speech to Sind Bar Association, Karachi,”
Dawn
(Karachi), January 26, 1948.

38
. Jinnah of Pakistan, “Speeches & Statements: Selfless Devotion to Duty,” Humsafar.info, n.d.,
http://www.humsafar.info/480221_sel.php
.

39
. Muhammad Ali Chaudhri,
The Emergence of Pakistan
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 297.

40
. By early April 1948 India had transferred only one-sixth of the share Pakistan was entitled to. It failed to deliver any of the 249 tanks allocated to Pakistan. Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema,
The Armed Forces of Pakistan
(New York: New York University Press, 2001), 18.

41
. “Resolution 47 (1948),”
https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kashun47.htm
.

42
. Cited in Stanley Wolpert,
Jinnah of Pakistan
(New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1985), 361.

43
. Hector Bolitho,
Jinnah: Creator of Pakistan
(Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1981), 223.

44
. Jaswant Singh,
Jinnah: India—Partition—Independence
(New Delhi: Rupa and Company, 2009), 470–474, summarizing Dr. Illahi Bux's description in his book
With Quaid-i-Azam During His Last Days
.

45
. Cited in ibid., 476.

Chapter 7: Growing Apart

1
. For the text of the story, visit
http://www.punjabiportal.com/articles/punjabi-short-stories-saadat -hassan-manto
. On the fiftieth anniversary of the death of Saadat Hassan Manto, an eighteen-minute film titled
Toba Tek Singh
, directed by Afia Nathaniel, was shown at the New York Asian American International film festival 2005.

2
. “The Prime Minister of India, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru Addressed a House Reception, October 13, 1949,” US House of Representatives,
http://history.house.gov/HistoricalHighlight/Detail/36630 ?ret=True
.

3
. “Liaquat Ali Khan Goes to the US (1950),”
Friday Times
(Lahore), September 30–October 6, 2011.

4
. “Resignation Letter of Jogendra Nath Mandal, 8 October 1950,”
http://en.wikisource.org/wiki /Resignation_letter_of_Jogendra_Nath_Mandal
.

5
. Ibid.

6
. Tridib Santapa Kundu, “The Partition and the Muslim Minorities of West Bengal, 1947–1967,” Partition Studies (blog), August 23, 2009,
http://bengalpartitionstudies.blogspot.co.uk/2009/08/partition -and-muslim-minorities-of-west.html
.

7
. Though Indo-Pakistan trade resumed in 1951, both the volume and the value of bilateral commerce declined steadily, with the two neighbors expanding the new foreign commercial ties they had forged.

8
. Kundu, “The Partition and the Muslim Minorities of West Bengal.”

9
. Shahid Saeed, “Murder at Company Bagh,”
Friday Times
(Lahore), March 25–31, 2011.

10
. “Report of Inquiry Commission on Assassination of Mr. Liaquat Ali Khan,”
Keesing's Record of World Events
8–9 (August 1952): 12426.

11
. Valmiki Choudhary, ed.,
Dr Rajendra Prasad: Correspondence and Select Documents Vol. 21
(New Delhi: Allied, 1995), 91.

12
. Dilip Hiro,
Inside India Today
(London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976 / New York: Monthly Review Press, 1977), 211–212.

13
.
US News & World Report
, November 13, 1953, cited by Hamid Hussain, “Tale of a Love Affair That Never Was: United States-Pakistan Defense Relations,”
Defence Journal
(June 2002).

14
.
Keesing's Contemporary Archives
, Vol. 9: 1952–1954, 13461, cited by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto,
The Myth of Independence
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969), 44–45.

15
.
Keesing's Contemporary Archives
, Vol. 9: 1952–1954, 13462, cited by Bhutto,
The Myth of Independence
, 45.

16
. Bhutto,
The Myth of Independence
, 44.

17
. Dennis Kux,
India and the United States: Estranged Democracies, 1941–1991
(Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1992), 124–125.

18
. SEATO members were Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, United Kingdom, and the United States.

19
. Claire Provost, “Sixty Years of US Aid to Pakistan: Get the Data,”
Guardian
(London), July 11, 2011.

20
. “Telegram from the United States Mission at the United Nations to the Department of State,” January 10, 1957,
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955–1957
, Vol. 8: South Asia, Document 40, US Department of State, Office of the Historian,
http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments /frus1955-57v08/d40
.

21
. In his book
Glimpses
(Lahore: Jang, 1992), Syed Amjad Ali states that H. S. Suhrawardy's personal assistant advised the embassy staff of the prime minister's agreement to the US facility on Pakistan soil.

22
. Farooq Hameed Khan, “Badaber to Shamsi,”
Nation
(Lahore), July 8, 2011.

23
. “Summary of US Aid to Pakistan, 1948–2010,”
Guardian
(London), July 11, 2011.

24
. Yasmeen Yousif Pardesi, “An Analysis of the Constitutional Crisis in Pakistan (1958–1969),”
Dialogue
7, no. 4 (October–December 2012).

25
. Dilip Hiro,
A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Middle East
(Northampton, MA: Interlink, 2013), 271.

26
. Yousaf Saraf, “Bogra-Nehru Accord,” Kashmiri Info, October 27, 2006,
http://www.kashmiri .info/Kashmir-Fight-for-Freedom-by-Yousaf-Saraf/bogra-nehru-accord.html
.

27
. Ibid.; “Bogra-Nehru Negotiations,”
Story of Pakistan
, June 1, 2003,
http://storyofpakistan.com /bogra-nehru-negotiations
.

28
. S. Gopal, H. Y. Sharada Prasad, and A. K. Damodaran, eds.,
Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru: Volume 19
(New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996), 322. This letter came to light forty-eight years after it was penned.

29
. Sumanta Bose,
Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), 72.

30
. Arvind Lavakare, “Forgotten Day in Kashmir's History,”
Rediff News
(Mumbai), March 8, 2004, citing
Hindu
, February 17, 1954.

31
. “Not Even Abdullah,”
Spectator
(London), January 17, 1958, 6.

32
. Jawaharlal Nehru had first visited the USSR along with his father, Motilal, in 1927, when they attended the tenth anniversary of its founding.

33
. Cited in Bose,
Kashmir
, 71.

34
. “Telegram from the United States Mission at the United Nations to the Department of State.”

35
. Article 37, “Chapter VI: Pacific Settlement of Disputes,” Charter of the United Nations,
http://legal.un.org/repertory/art37/english/rep_supp2_vol2-art37_e.pdf
.

36
.
Pakistan's Foreign Policy, 1947–2005: A Concise History
(Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2007), 57.

37
. A. G. Noorani, “Planning Foreign Policy,”
Dawn
(Karachi), October 3, 2009.

38
. Paul M. McGarr,
The Cold War in South Asia: The United States and the Indian Subcontinent, 1945–1965
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 77–78.

39
. Rajeshwar Dayal,
A Life of Our Times
(Delhi: Orient Longman, 1998), 301, 303.

40
. A. G. Noorani, “Lessons of Murree,”
Frontline
(Chennai), June 19–July 2, 2010.

41
. Muhammad Ayub Khan,
Friends Not Masters: A Political Biography
(Berkeley: University of California Press / Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1967), 124–125.

42
. Ibid., 126.

Chapter 8: Nehru's “Forward Policy”: A Step Too Far

1
. The far more detailed map signed only by Henry McMahon and Lonchen Shatra on March 25, 1914, showed the McMahon Line. On April 28, following the instructions of the Beijing government, Chen Ivan withdrew his initial from the earlier draft of the Simla Convention. Neither draft identified present-day Arunachal Pradesh, previously called North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA), as “British India” or something similar.

2
. It was only in October 1951 that the Dalai Lama endorsed the pact.

3
. “Major Bob Khathing: A Legend,”
Assam Rifles
, February 29, 2012,
http://assamrifles.gov.in /news_view.aspx?id=1300
; Neville Maxwell,
India's China War
(New York: Pantheon Books, 1970 / Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books, 1972), 66.

4
. Sir Charles U. Aichison,
A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries, Volume XII
(New Delhi: Foreign and Political Department of the Government, 1931), 5.

5
. Karunakar Gupta,
Spotlight on Sino-Indian Frontiers
(Calcutta: New Book Centre, 1982), 82.

6
. Shastri Ramachandran, “Nehru's Stubbornness Led to 1962 War with China?,”
Times of India
, December 19, 2010.

7
. Cited in A. G. Noorani, “Nehru's China Policy,”
Frontline
(Chennai), July 22–August 4, 2000.

8
. Dilip Hiro,
Inside India Today
(London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1976 / New York: Monthly Review Press, 1977), 248–249.

9
. Cited by Noorani, “Nehru's China Policy.”

10
. Ravinder Kumar and H. Y. Sharada Prasad, eds.,
Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru
, 2nd series, vol. 26 (New Delhi: Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund, Distributed by Oxford University Press, 2000), 477.

11
. Cited by Noorani, “Nehru's China Policy.”

12
. Cited in Claude Arpi, “Talks Between Mao and Nehru, October 1954,”
http://www.claudearpi .net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/195410TalksMaoNehru.pdf
.

13
. B. N. Mullik,
My Years with Nehru: The Chinese Betrayal
(Bombay: Allied, 1971), 183.

14
. Cited in M. L. Sali,
India-China Border Dispute: A Case Study of the Eastern Sector
(New Delhi: APH, 1998), 81.

15
. A. G. Noorani, “The Truth about 1962,”
Hindu
, November 30, 2012.

16
. “Dalai Lama Escapes to India,” BBC News, March 31, 1959.

17
. Cited in Maxwell,
India's China War
, 282.

18
. Nehru restrained the Dalai Lama from setting up a government in exile. Kuldip Nayar,
India: The Critical Years
(London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971), 143.

19
. Mark A. Ryan, David M. Finkelstein, and Michael A. McDevitt,
Chinese Warfighting: The PLA Experience Since 1949
(Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2003), 177.

20
. Cited by Noorani, “Nehru's China Policy.”

21
. The Indian government went on to name October 21 Police Commemoration Day.

22
. Cited by Noorani, “Nehru's China Policy.”

23
. Ananth Krishnan, “China Files: Crossing the Point of No Return,”
Hindu
, October 25, 2012.

24
. See Chapter 7, p. 157.

25
.
Washington Post
, October 22, 1960, cited in Mike Gravel,
The Pentagon Papers: The Defense Department History of United States Decision-Making on Vietnam
, vol. 2 (Boston: Beacon, 1971), 799.

26
. Noorani, “Nehru's China Policy,” citing the US Central Intelligence Agency Staff Study for the Department of Defense, “The Sino-India Border Dispute, from 1950 to 1962,” May 2007.

27
. Cited by Noorani, “Nehru's China Policy.”

28
. Neville Maxwell, “China's India War: How the Chinese Saw the 1962 Conflict,”
East Asia Forum
, August 2, 2011.

29
. “Nixon's China Game,” PBS, June 26, 1961,
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/china/timeline /timeline4nf.html
.

30
. Maxwell, “China's India War.”

31
. Cited by Ye Zhengjia, “Clearing the Atmosphere,”
Frontline
(Chennai), October 10–23, 1998, citing Major General Lei Yingfu,
My Days as a Military Staff in the Supreme Command
(in Chinese) (Nanchang: Baihuazhou Culture and Arts, 1997), 210.

32
. Nayar,
India
, 172–173.

33
. John Kenneth Galbraith,
Ambassador's Journal
:
A Personal Account of the Kennedy Years
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969), 388.

34
. Ibid., 383.

35
. Ibid., 376.

36
. Ibid., 387.

37
. Jeff M. Smith, “A Forgotten War in the Himalayas,”
Yale Global
, September 14, 2012.