The Fantastic Laboratory of Dr. Weigl: How Two Brave Scientists Battled Typhus and Sabotaged the Nazis (62 page)

In practice, the Poles
:
Szybalski, interview with author.

Chapter 11: Buchenwald: Rabbit Stew and Fake Vaccine

Many of the doctors
:
Stanisław Kłodzi
ski, “Sabota
w buchenwaldzkim Instytucie Higieny SS; Dr. Marian Ciepielowski”
Przegla.d lekarski
34 (1977): 141–45; François Bayle,
Croix gammée contre caducée: Les expériences humaines en Allemagne pendant la deuxième Guerre mondiale
(Neustadt, 1950), 1177.

Apart from Ding
:
Albert Kirrmann, “Les laboratoires du block 50,” in
De l’université aux camps de concentration: Témoignages strasbourgeois
(Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1947), 115.

Mrugowsky from the
:
Mrugowsky testimony, NA, RG238, ser. M1019, roll 47, Mrugowsky, frame 1191.

The Giroud vaccine
:
Bayle,
Croix,
1224; Haubold, file memo, HNOC, HLSL 2241.

Ding made two
:
Interrogation of Dr. Kogon in NMT trial 4 (Pohl Case), concerning medical experiments at Buchenwald, HNOC, HLSL 453.

There were plenty of doctors
:
Shoah Foundation, 20816 Marko Max Feingold.

Jellinek came to
:
Willy Jellinek, interview with Thomas Schnelle, April 8, 1980, in LFZ, Unterlagen und Notizen von Thomas Schnelle: Allgemeine Korrespondenz und Notizen von Thomas Schnelle 1978–1993, 4.1, Signatur 94; author’s interview with and personal communications from Howard Cohn, May 2012.

No vaccine experts were
:
Kłodzi
ski, “Sabota
,” 141–45.

Ciepielowski, handsome
:
Ibid.; Bayle,
Croix,
1158, Marjan Ciepielowski testimony in Buchenwald trial, NA, RG153, box 255, v. 1, trial rec., pt. 4 (folder 10), 1123–31; photograph of Ciepielowski, courtesy of George Otlowski, Metuchen, NJ.

Perhaps the most
:
Hubert Habicht, ed.,
Eugen Kogon—Ein politischer Publizist in Hessen
(Frankfurt: Insel, 1982), 7–12.

Kogon’s steadfast
:
Kogon,
Hell
, 263–65, 283–88.

Before long
:
undated document, “Officials of the Concentration Camp at Buchenwald,” NA, RG153, box 244; Konrad Morgen testimony, ibid., box 257, v. 1, trial rec., pt. 7 (folder 1), 2758–65.

Kogon maneuvered Ding
:
Kogon,
Hell
, 160–61.

The vaccine detail
:
Ibid., 160–61, 263–65.

Konrad Morgen, the SS
:
Morgen, affidavit concerning medical experiments at Buchenwald, HNOC, HLSL 794, 49–54.

Another political prisoner
:
Pierre Julitte,
Block 26: Sabotage at Buchenwald
, trans. Francis Price (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971), 105, 121, 129, 140, 176–77. For confirmation of identities, see Pierre Durand,
Les Français à Buchenwald et à Dora: Les armes de l’espoir
(Paris: Éditions Sociales, 1977).

Block 50 had a well-cared-for
:
Julitte,
Block 26
, 100–101.

The building was startlingly
:
Kirrmann, “Laboratoires,” 115–18.

As Fleck wrote
:
Fleck, “Problems of the Science of Science,” in
Cognition and Fact: Materials on Ludwik Fleck
, ed. Robert S. Cohen and Thomas Schnelle (Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1986), 113–27.

Ding pressed the
:
Bayle,
Croix
, 1179.

The Block 50 crew
:
Mimeographed typed manuscript, DGVG-Ding, green box.

The first samples
:
Bayle,
Croix
, 1166.

It was at this moment
:
Kogon, interview with Thomas Schnelle, June 2, 1979, LFZ, Unterlagen und Notizen von Thomas Schnelle: Allgemeine Korrespondenz und Notizen von Thomas Schnelle 1978–1993, 4.1, Signatur 94.

Fleck befriended
:
Jellinek, interview with Schnelle; Jellinek, letter to Fleck, Oct. 27, 1946, LFZ, Biographisches Material betr. Ludwik Fleck/1.2. Biographische Notizen und Korrespondenzen; Ewa Pleszczy
ska, testimony at pamiecmiejsca.tnn.pl.

In 1939, Mrugowsky
:
Weindling,
Epidemics
, 231.

He ordered Fleck
:
Kielanowski, “My meetings,” 582–85; Jellinek interview with Thomas Schnelle, April 8, 1980, LFZ.

Fleck’s authority
:
Jellinek interview with Schnelle; Kogon interview with Schnelle.

Fleck described
:
All quotations below are from Fleck, “Science of Science,” 113–27.

Here, Fleck referred
:
Klemens Barbarski, “Sabota
w ampulce,”
Przekrój
99 (1947): 16.

Their lives hung
:
Fleck, “In der Buchenwalder Angelegenheit; Kommentar zum Buch F. Bayles,” in
Denkstile
, 549–57.

This is also the
:
Bayle,
Croix
, 1178–79.

Ding, in short
:
Ludwik Fleck testimony, YVA Sign 03/650.

Block 50 produced
:
Jerzy Lutowski, “Was ist Leukergie? Wir sprechen mit Professor Fleck,” in
Denkstile
, 515–18.

Even Fleck’s son
:
Ryszard Fleck testimony, YVA.

The men in the block
:
Howard Cohn, interview with author.

Hummelsheim, the bilingual
:
Julitte,
Block 26
, 176–77.

Following the liberation
:
Vie académique
(1984): 570–73, in ARC037, “Alfred Balachowsky,” at IHTP; Balachowsky testimony, PIA,, box LEPC1.

Born in Russia
:
Nicolas Chevassus, “Alfred Balachowsky: Un pastorien à Buchenwald,”
La Recherche
370 (2003): 50–52; Alfred Balachowsky,
Titres et travaux scientifiques de Alfred-Serge Balachowsky
(1967); Jean Dorst, “La vie et l’oeuvre d’Alfred Balachowski,”
La vie des sciences
1, no. 6, pp. 567–76.

From there, he was
:
Balachowsky at http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/01-30-46.asp.

After learning of Balachowsky’s
:
Julitte,
Block 26
, 174–75;
Vie académique
(1984): 570.

Balachowsky was skeletal
:
Julitte, “Allocution de M. Pierre Juliette,” in 1972, “Remise de l’épée d’académicien” for Balachowsky, accessed from PIA, BAL1.

Balachowsky’s diaries
:
Balachowsky diaries, ARC037, IHTP.

After the war
:
Kogon, interview, Nov. 28, 1946, NA, RG238, ser. M1019, roll 36; Fleck, “Angelegenheit,” 549–60.

In Block 50
:
Balachowsky testimony, PIA, LEPC1.

Fleck conducted bacteriological
:
Fleck, “Bericht über den Aufenthalt im KZ Buchenwald,” in
Denkstile,
492–97; Fleck, “Angelegenheit,” 549–60.

On one occasion
:
Ibid.; Balachowsky diary, Feb. 26, 1945, PIA, BAL1.

The mistrust would
:
Fleck, “Angelegenheit,” 552.

Kogon, who admired
:
ARC037, folder “Alfred Balachowsky, 1901–1983,” IHTP; Kogon to Schnelle; interview with Eugen Kogon, NA, RG238, ser. M1019, roll 36;
cross examination of the witness Dr. Kogon, HNOC,
HLSL 454.

Bizarrely, Balachowsky’s
:
See Eva Hedfors, “Medical Science in the Light of the Holocaust: Departing from a Postwar Paper by Ludwik Fleck,”
Social Studies of Science
38 (2008): 259–83; and the response by the Fleck scholars Olga Amsterdamska et al., “Medical Science in the Light of a Flawed Study of the Holocaust: A Comment on Eva Hedfors’ Paper on Ludwik Fleck,” ibid., 937–44.

By the summer
:
Jellinek interview with Schnelle.

The bombs slightly damaged
:
Ding-Schuler to Mrugowsky, Aug. 26, 1944, DGVG-Ding, green folder.

As night fell
:
Christian Pineau,
La simple vérité, 1940–1945
(Paris: René Julliard, 1960), 482–84.

“
Even today
”:
Ludwik Fleck, “El Roble de Goethe,”
El Malpensante
97 (May 2009), accessed at http://www.elmalpensante.com/index.php?doc=display_contenido&id=1025.