Pericles of Athens (55 page)

93.
Drerup 1916, 1–4. A few years later, the historian returned to this theme in order,
this time, to attack the politicians of the Weimar Republic. He lamented the fact
that “in our country formerly so proud, here too a Republic of lawyers had been established,
a Republic of the streets and demagogues, of which a Cleon and Aristophanes’ sausage-merchant
would have been proud” (Drerup 1923, 1).

94.
See Pernot 2006.

95.
On
Phi-Phi
, see
L’encyclopédie multimedia de la comédie musicale théêtrale en France (1918–1940)
, which offers an opportunity to listen to this work, available at
http://194.254.96.55/cm/?for=fic&cleoeuvre=258
(accessed 23 August 2013).

96.
“Pericles on the Athenians” (1915), advertisement published by the
Underground Electric Railway Company
. See Turner 1981, 187.

97.
See Zimmern 1911, 202. The citation is taken from Thucydides, 2.43.4. Zimmern may
possibly have put in a word of his own on the subject of this affair, for he was entrusted
with various responsibilities on the Board of Education.

98.
Müller 1824.

99.
See the illuminating remarks of Hansen 2005, 15.

100.
See Churchill 1951, 81 (citation taken from Thucydides, 2.64.6).

101.
Churchill, “A Speech to the House of Commons, June 4, 1940,” in Churchill 1953, 195.
See Kagan 1991, 275.

102.
Murray 1946, 202, cited by Roberts 1989, 204.

103.
See Murray 1946, 200–201, who compares Demosthenes’
Philippics
to Churchill’s famous “Arms and the League.” See Rougemont 1996.

104.
See Jones 1978, 109–110.

105.
Most 1995, 438–440.

106.
Andurand 2010.

107.
Pohlenz 1920, 69 (author’s translation).

108.
Jaeger 1965, 407–409.

109.
Ibid., 409 (author’s italics).

110.
Ibid., 409.

111.
See Näf 1992, 125–146.

112.
Among the many examples of this kind of slanted history, see in particular Berve
1937; John 1939; Lüdemann 1939; and Brake 1939. To take but one example, Berve praised
Sparta for “the education of its young, its community spirit, its military form of
life and the way in which the individual was integrated and proved his worth by his
brave deeds,” and finally for the “type of
Herrenmensch
” (superior being), who emerged from “natural selection” and “shared blood” (Berve
1937, 7, 39, and 45).

113.
Chapoutot 2008, 265–281 (citation pp. 276–277).

114.
A. Hitler, speech of 4 August 1929, in Hitler 1992, vol. 2, 2, 348.

115.
Arminius had been exalted as the first Germanic hero ever since
The Battle of
Arminius
(
Die Hermannsschlacht
) by Heinrich von Kleist (1809), as was Vercingétorix celebrated in France.

116.
Schachermeyr 1933, 41. See the close analyses by Chapoutot 2008, 323–324.

117.
Brauer 1943, 131–136, cited by Näf 1986, 161.

118.
Brauer 1943, 135.

119.
Speer 1976, 110. See also Speer 1980, 20 April 1947. The former Nazi dignitary recorded
a conversation with Hitler on 20 April 1943, when Hitler held forth on the action
of great men in history and, in particular, on Pericles.

120.
Hitler 1926, 289–290, cited by Chapoutot 2008, 298.

121.
Speer 1976, 110.

122.
See Scobie 1990, 15–16.

123.
Zschietzschmann 1940, 14 and 16.

124.
Berve 1940, 21. On Berve, Hitler, and Pericles, see Christ 1999, 249; and Chapoutot
2008
,
324–326.

125.
On the career of Berve, see Nippel 2010, 278–279.

126.
Chapoutot 2008, 326. Germania was the name given by Hitler to the project of the
urban renewal of the German capital.

127.
Berve 1940, 21.

128.
Ibid., 25: “er war auch während der vergangenen 15 Jahre in einem Stahlbad gehärtet,
so dass er nun erst recht gegenüber inneren Anfeindungen und äußeren Schwierigkeiten
eine schwer zu brechende Widerstandskraft besaß.” See Christ 1999, 195 and 244.

129.
Churchill was not alone in admiring the
stratēgos
. The members of the French Resistance had likewise made Pericles one of their heroes;
the Mouvements Unis de Résistance (MUR) had given the
stratēgos
’s name to their network for training maquis cadres. See Dabdab Trabulsi 2011, 13.

130.
Glotz 1931, 170. See “Périclès et l’impérialisme pacifique” (pp. 166–214); “le socialisme
d’Etat” (pp. 178–187).

131.
De Sanctis 1944. I am here following the line of thought suggested by Dabdab Trabulsi
2011, 21–38 and 197–199.

132.
De Sanctis 1944, 184; Dabdab Trabulsi 2011, 31.

133.
De Sanctis 1944, 218.

134.
Ibid., 274.

135.
Ibid., 131: “L’imperialismo pacifico di Pericle.”

136.
See Canfora 1976.

137.
Homo 1954.

138.
Ibid., 66.

139.
Ibid., 97. On directed democracy, see ibid., 124–128.

140.
Ibid., 78.

141.
Chêtelet 1982, 17 and 21.

142.
Lévêque 1964, 265–266. See Chêtelet 1982, 163–166; and Delcourt 1939, 171, n. 1.
See the illuminating remarks of Mossé 2005, 240–242.

143.
Lévêque 1964, 265–266.

144.
Homo 1954 and Chêtelet 1982. The publication date of the biography by Marie Delcourt
was prewar 1939.

145.
Lévêque and Vidal-Naquet 1996; and Loraux 2002.

146.
See Roberts 1994, 265–270. As early as 1959, Finley was describing the advance “of
slavery and freedom, hand in hand” (Finley 1959, 164).

147.
Keuls 1993, 88. See, earlier, Pomeroy 1975.

148.
Delcourt 1939. See Dabdab Trabulsi 2011, 87–109 (esp. 98–99).

149.
Delcourt 1939, 118. The cleruchies are thus judged to be just a “simple instrument
of domination,” at the same time as a “financial expedient” (p. 120).

150.
See, for example, Strasburger 1958, according to whom Thucydides more or less secretly
condemned the imperialism embodied by Pericles. See Nicolai 1996.

151.
Ehrenberg 1968, 238.

152.
Starr 1974, 306. In the writings of Peter Green, then a professor of classics at
the University of Texas and the author of numerous popular works on the ancient world,
this critique reached its climax. According to him, Pericles was a quasi-dictator
who had subjected the Athenian
demos
to a veritable brainwashing; and the democratic regime owed its survival only to
the rabble-rousing leaders who followed. See Green 1972.

153.
Hornblower 1994, 174.

154.
Samons II 2004, 55–56 and 62. After deploring the coldness of Pericles and his lack
of compassion (pp. 64–65), he also attacks the
misthos
, which undermined civic values (p. 173), in keeping with the purest Plutarchian tradition.
See the review by Mossé 2006/2007, 467–470.

155.
Samons II 2004, 130–131 and 190.

156.
Luginbill 2011, 256.

157.
See earlier,
chapter 4
; and Dabdab Trabulsi 2011, 113–137 [“Un Périclès du Nouveau Monde. Donald Kagan et
son Périclès US”].

158.
Mattingly 1966, 212–213: “None of the inscriptional evidence for fully organized
Athenian imperialism can be dated before 431 B.C.”

159.
Bengtson 1983, 109 f., here 142 (author’s translation). See also Weber 1985.

160.
Admittedly, official instructions now encourage one to turn away from an idealized
history, emphasizing “the restrictive concept of citizenship developed in fifth-century
Athens, and … the limits of Athenian democracy: citizenship founded on birth-rights
(but denied to women), which excluded foreigners and slaves and the functioning of
which was flawed” (
Bulletin Officiel du ministère de l’Education Nationale et du ministère de la Recherche
, HS no. 6, 31 August 2000). Nevertheless, whenever it is a matter of considering
the political or artistic history of the Greek world, the
stratēgos
continues to attract most of the attention.

161.
See for example Nemo 1988.

162.
Yourcenar 1989, 14.

163.
See Wyke 1997 and Aziza 2008.

164.
The only exceptions are a cinema adaptation of the operetta,
Phi-Phi
, in 1926, by Georges Pallu
alias
Demetrios Saixi (Isis Film-Les Productions Nathan, France) and, even more marginally,
a Greek film,
Hippocrates and Democracy
(
Ippocratis kè Dhimokratia
), by Dimis Dadiras, in 1972—in which Hippocrates tries to fight the 430 “plague”
in Athens, and in the course of his peregrinations encounters Socrates, Phidias, Euripides,
and Pericles. See Dumont 2009, 223–224.

165.
An analysis of the situation has been carried out via
www.gamekult.com
(accessed 23 August 2013). It reveals several definite trends in the use of Antiquity.
Games involving war and conquest predominate, some of which are spinoffs from the
cinema (such as
The Three Hundred
and
Gladiator
) or from comic strips (for example, the many
Asterix
volumes). Rome is also very much present, particularly in the successful series of
Rome: Total War
. There are also a number of
Alexander
games—involving strategies for conquering the whole world—and a few games that use
Sparta as a framework (
Spartan: Total Warrior
, which was produced in 2005 and sold widely).

166.
Martin 2000.

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