Margaret Thatcher: The Autobiography (139 page)

Te Kanawa, Dame Kiri, 92

television: in election campaigns, 406–7, 410

terrorism: and Northern Ireland, 278–9, 462; Palestinian, 499

Thatcher, Carol (MT’s daughter): birth, 56; home in ‘Dormers’ (Kent), 69; childhood, 70–1; schooling, 71; and MT’s proposals on financing of student unions, 114; and MT’s election as Party leader, 174; accompanies MT in 1979 election campaign, 250; in Downing Street, 260; in Australia, 285; travels with Gow, 482; and MT’s 1990 leadership campaign, 719

Thatcher, (Sir) Denis: marriage to MT, 8, 54; on political effect of war, 36; meets and courts MT, 48–9, 53–60; supports MT’s political ambitions and actions, 56, 63, 113, 258; and Suez crisis, 60; and MT’s selection as Finchley candidate, 64–7; overseas travels, 64, 69; and MT’s election as MP, 68; rugby refereeing, 70; investigates Rolls-Royce figures, 128; praises Reagan, 213; retires, 226n; accompanies MT in 1979 election campaign, 250, 253; and
Private Eye
’s ‘Dear Bill’ feature, 259; at Chequers, 266–7; unveils Blackpool Heliport, 422; and Brighton bomb, 459; shops in Harrods, 471; entertains Raisa Gorbachev, 510; affected by Palestinian refugee camps, 531; congratulates Sherbourne in 1987 election, 568; plays golf with Bush in Bermuda, 694; and Lord’s Taverners, 713; and MT’s 1990 leadership campaign, 719, 722, 724, 731–2; leaves Downing Street, 734, 737–8; entertains Chequers staff after MT’s resignation, 736–7

Thatcher, Margaret, Baroness (née Roberts): birth, 2; early love of poetry, 4, 13, 15; piano-playing, 6; schooling, 9, 13–15; cinema-going and entertainments, 10–12; walking, 10; reading, 13–15, 22–3; interest in chemistry, 14–15; radio-listening, 17–18; early political conviction and activities, 23, 34–6, 38–9, 43; admitted to and attends Oxford University, 27–34; choral singing, 31, 48; religious observance and beliefs, 32–4, 531; teaches school in Grantham, 32; lessons in public speaking, 37–8; attends early Party Conferences (1946, 1948), 39, 45; degree, 39, 43; employed by plastics company, 44–5; contests Dartford in 1950 and 1951 elections, 46–53; engagement to
Denis, 48–9; dress, 51, 64–5, 563, 677; marriage and family life, 54–5, 70; journalistic writing, 55, 170, 201; reads for Bar, 55, 57–8; birth of twins and motherhood, 56–7; practises law, 58; driving, 63; selected as parliamentary candidate for Finchley, 64–6; first elected as MP, 68; homes and properties, 69, 104n, 226n, 258; early activities in Parliament, 71–6, 81; and mother’s death, 71; appointed to Pensions and National Insurance, 78; re-elected at Finchley, 85–6, 89, 103, 147, 162, 253, 568; appointed opposition Treasury spokesman, 89–91; Heath appoints to Housing and Land, 89; in Heath’s Shadow Cabinet, 91–2; speech to Conservative Political Centre on ‘What’s Wrong with Politics?’, 95; questions liberal morality, 96–8; overseasvisits, 98–9; as Shadow Minister of Education, 99–100; visits to Soviet Union, 99, 507–8, 516, 519–22; as Education Secretary, 104, 105–13; and school milk provision, 111–13; as Shadow Environment Minister, 149; helps draft 1974 manifesto, 154, 159; broadcasts, 160, 239; as potential Party leader, 162–3, 165; economic post under Carr, 164–5; contests and wins leadership election, 165–6, 168–74; performances in Commons, 165, 168, 236, 270, 496, 502, 734–6; accused of food hoarding, 166–7; Shadow Cabinet appointments, 176–80; private office, 181–2; changes in manner and appearance as leader, 182; relations with press, 182; voice, 182–3; speeches at Party Conferences, 189–91, 221; reshuffles Shadow Cabinet, 191; view of European membership, 200–1; speeches on foreign affairs, 204–6, 209–10; visits to USA, (1975), 207–9; (1977), 211; (1979), 293; (1981), 335–6; (1983), 423; (1984), 514; (1987), 634, 672; (1988), 680; (1989), 687; (1990), 697–700; ‘Iron Lady’ sobriquet, 210; visits Tito in Yugoslavia, 212–13; relations with Reagan, 213–14, 335–6; as Opposition leader, 215–16; on trade union reform, 232–7, 240–1; in 1979 election campaign, 244–53; audiences with Queen, 255–6; forms government (1979), 255–6; private secretaries, 256–7; sleep needs, 257; appoints first Cabinet, 260–4; and ‘wets’, 276 & n, 332–3; visits Northern Ireland, 278–80; refuses to make U-turn, 315–16; economic strategy, 316–22, 328–30; and social reform, 328; unpopularity, 332; and economic recovery (1981), 333, 397; attends Cancún summit, 336–7; visits to Far East, 390, 525; concern over nuclear strategy, 394–5; in 1983 election campaign, 409–16; eye operation, 423; escapes Brighton bomb, 458–60; as assassination target for IRA, 468, 549; visits Hungary, 506–7, 692–3; discusses Reykjavik agreement with Reagan, 518–19; foreign policy, 524; visits Egypt and Jordan, 530; visits to Israel, 531–3; at Nassau meeting of Commonwealth heads, 536–8; wins rebate from EC contributions, 548–9; and manifesto for 1987 election, 560–4; in 1987 election campaign, 566; view of society and individuals, 587–8; addresses Royal Society, 593–4; reduces state role in economy, 627; differences with Lawson, 630–3, 635–8; and Lawson’s resignation, 646–7; opposes federalist aims in Europe, 654; Bruges speech on Britain in Europe, 656–7, 712; reshuffles Cabinet, (1981) 319, 330–2; (1983), 418, 421–2; (1985), 483–5; (1987), 569; (1989), 659–63; speech on political union in EC, 665; visits Poland, 676–80; visits Czechoslovakia, 692–3; resignation as PM, 706, 732–8; campaign and defeat in 1990 leadership election, 708–10, 714–15, 718–29; unfulfilled policies, 710–11; attacked by Howe in Commons resignation speech, 716–18

Thatcher, (Sir) Mark (MT’s son): birth, 56; home in ‘Dormers’ (Kent), 69; childhood, 70–1; schooling, 71; and MT’s election as Party leader, 174; and MT’s 1990 leadership campaign, 719; and MT’s departure from Downing Street, 737

Theosophy, 4

Third World: Soviet intervention in, 334, 338; and Cancún summit, 337

Thomas, Harvey, 252

Thomas, John Stradling, 238

Thomas, J.P.L., 47

Thomas, Peter, 92, 125

Thorneycroft, Peter (
later
Baron): speaks at Oxford, 40; resigns, 62, 331; supports MT
at Finchley, 66; and MT’s Shadow Cabinet appointments, 179; as Chairman of Central Office, 180; and Heath’s role in 1979 election, 229; opposes Stepping Stones initiative, 232; and trade union reform, 234, 304; in 1979 election campaign, 243–4, 246, 248–50; criticizes economic strategy, 329–30

Thorpe, Jeremy, 147–8, 237

three-day working week, 143–4

Tiananmen Square (Peking): massacre (1989), 529

Tickell, (Sir) Crispin, 338

Tilney, Sir John and Lady, 266

Time
magazine, 336

Times, The:
on MT’s foreign affairs speech, 210; on industrial disputes, 305–6; and leaked CPRS paper, 402

Tito, Marshal Josip Broz, 212–13, 294

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 523

Tokyo, 283–5; IDU conference (1989), 685

Toronto: G7 summit (1988), 652

Torquay: MT’s speech in (1987), 519

Townend, John, 732

Toxteth, Liverpool: riots, 326–7

Trade Disputes Act (1906), 303

trade unions: and local government press exclusion, 74; relations with Labour Party, 90, 227–8; and Labour Party policy, 102n; Heath confronts, 127; and Upper Clyde Shipbuilders difficulties, 133; and imprisonment of members, 138; and Wilson’s ‘social contract’, 146; Howe’s militancy against, 186; in Grunwick affair, 216–19, 221; and closed shop, 218–19, 221, 236, 240, 269, 301–2, 400, 613; Conservative policy on, 219–20, 227, 232, 240–2, 398–401, 405; MT supports reforms, 219–21, 232–7, 240–1, 269–70, 301–6, 406, 418, 613; in 1979 election campaign, 245, 248–9; Conservatives seek consent, 263; picketing rights limited, 269, 302–3; and overmanning in industry, 298–9; in Germany, 300; and Conservative financial strategy, 301; balloting, 302, 399–400, 405–6; immunities, 303–5, 330, 398; Cabinet differences over reforms, 330; Tebbit and, 331, 398–9; wage demands, 397; legislation on, 398; and unemployment, 398; elections, 399; fund Labour Party, 400; political levy, 400, 406; and strike prevention of essential services, 400, 406; hard Left dominance in, 418; individuals’ rights protected, 613

Trade Unions and Labour Relations Act (1974), 398

Trades Union Congress (TUC): and Industrial Relations Act (1971), 127–8, 138; and prices and incomes policy, 139–40, 220; opposes renewal of Social Contract, 227; and Conservative union reforms, 303; Conservative Party consults over union reform, 400; Conference (1984), 450; Conference supports miners’ strike (1984), 450–3; intervention in miners’ strike, 455–6; and Scargill’s intransigence, 455; Delors addresses, 655

Trafalgar Square: community charge riot, 607

Trafford, Tony, 461

Training and Enterprise Councils (TECs), 613

Transport and General Workers’ Union (TGWU), 138, 307, 446–7, 449

Transport, Ministry of, 92

Treasury: and proposed NHS reforms, 282–4; and level of community charge, 604–5

Trend, Sir Burke, 119

Trident missiles, 383–6, 395

Trudeau, Pierre, 336–7, 506

Turkey, 699, 702

Turnberry (Scotland): NATO foreign ministers’ meeting (1990), 694–5

Turnbull, Andrew, 647, 732

22 Committee
see
1922 Committee

25 de Mayo
(Argentine aircraft carrier), 366, 368

Tynan, Kenneth, 31

Uganda, 537

Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR), 472–3

Ulster Unionist Party, 147

unemployment: numbers under Heath, 132–3, 136; Keith Joseph on fear of, 158; falls (1978), 224; under MT, 315, 333, 336, 398; falls (1980s), 612

United Nations (UN): Security Council resolutions on Falklands dispute, 346–7, 353, 373; Charter, 355–6, 366, 371; involvement in Falklands dispute, 365, 370, 376–8; Britain uses veto in Falklands vote, 377–8; Special Session on disarmament, 394; in Lebanon, 423, 425–7,
431–2; and actions against Saddam, 701, 706; resolution enabling embargo on Iraq, 703; Children’s Summit (1990), 705

United States of America: enters Second World War, 27; restraint over use of A-bomb, 42; and Suez crisis, 60–1; MT visits, 98, 207–9, 211, 293, 335–6, 423, 514, 634, 672, 680, 687; hostages in Iran, 193, 294, 295; and Vietnam War, 203–4; in arms race, 211; and Northern Ireland terrorism, 279–80; relations with Germany under Bush Presidency, 280, 670; and Rhodesia settlement, 289; under Reagan’s presidency, 334–5; relations with Europe, 338; relations with Argentina, 341–2, 344; support for British in Falklands War, 346, 349, 351–2, 357–8, 366, 374; and threat of Soviet intervention in Falklands War, 353; and proposals for settling Falklands crisis, 355; calls for halting British Falklands task force, 356; renews negotiations during Falklands War, 376; dominance and forces in NATO, 381–2; arms supply to Britain, 383–6; defence programme, 383–5; sanctions against Soviet Union, 387–9; and control of Cruise missiles, 395; and nuclear arms control, 395–7, 424–5; British antipathy to, 418, 429, 499; intervenes in Grenada, 427–321; troops killed in Beirut, 427, 431; support for IRA, 462, 482; Haughey’s speech in, 478; attacks on Libya, 499–503, 557; imposes sanctions on Libya, 499; bases in Britain, 500, 502; Extradition Treaty with Britain, 503; Strategic Defence Initiative, 504, 511–15; and first use of nuclear weapons, 513–14; supports Israel, 529; Middle East policy, 530; free trade relations with, 649; relations with Britain revive (1990), 671, 694; and ‘Irangate’ affair, 672; prepared to negotiate on SNF, 682–3; on future of NATO, 695–6; in First Gulf War, 706

universities, 575–6

Upper Clyde Shipbuilders (UCS), 132–3, 136

Uruguay: GATT round, 666–7

Utley, Peter, 76, 234

Valtin, Jan
see
Krebs, Richard

Value Added Tax (VAT), 271–2

Van Agt, Andries, 291

Van Straubenzee, Bill, 105, 115

Vance, Cyrus, 211–12

Vancouver, Commonwealth Heads meeting (1987), 541

Varley, Eric, 191

Vassall spy case, 82

Venice: European Council meeting (1980), 293, 296

Versailles: G7 summit (1982), 376–7, 389

Vienna: airport terror attack, 499

Vietnam, 203–4, 207

Viljoen, Gerrit, 542

Villiers, Sir Charles, 309

Vinson, Nigel, 156

Waddington, David, 661, 731

wages
see
incomes policy

Wakeham, Alison, Lady (née Ward), 167, 260

Wakeham, John (
later
Baron): as Chief Whip, 421; trapped and injured in Brighton bombing, 461; and MT’s 1985 Cabinet reshuffle, 483; and Westland affair, 491; and 1987 election, 559; as Energy Secretary, 625; in Cabinet subcommittee on Gulf War, 702; and Howe’s resignation, 713; and 1990 leadership campaign, 719, 723–31; told of MT’s resignation, 732

Wakeham, Roberta, 460

Waldegrave, William (
later
Baron), 558, 598–600, 702, 713, 729

Walden, Brian, 219, 233, 244, 305, 410, 711

Wales: devolution proposals, 196–7, 237–8; MT visits in 1979 election campaign, 246–7

Walesa, Lech, 677–9

Walker, Peter: in Heath’s Cabinet, 125; at Department of Trade and Industry, 140; advocates right to buy council houses, 152–3; supports Heath in leadership election, 170; MT dismisses from Shadow Cabinet, 179–80; on prices and incomes, 185, 187; abstains in Scotland and Wales Bill debate, 198; MT appoints Minister of Agriculture, 262; as Energy Minister, 438; and miners’ strike (1984), 442, 452, 455; argues against use of law against NUM, 445; announces no power cuts in miners’ strike, 454–5; and privatization of gas and electricity, 622–3

Walker-Smith, Sir Derek, 131

Wall Street Journal
, 207n, 503

Walters, Sir Alan: on monetary policy, 137, 317, 320; at Institute of Economic Affairs, 157; on inflation, 185, 187; helps draft MT’s Zurich Economic Society speech, 194; as MT’s economic policy adviser, 317, 320–1; on reducing public expenditure, 321–2; currency crisis in Hong Kong, 527; advocates removing nuclear power stations from privatization, 625; on Exchange Rate Mechanism, 631–2, 634, 641, 644, 650; advises against raising interest rates, 640, 644–5; as economic policy advisor, 645; Lawson threatens to resign over, 646–7; resigns, 647

Walters, Vernon, 352

Ward, Alison
see
Wakeham, Alison, Lady

Ward, George, 216

Ward, Dame Irene, 57

Warrender, Sir Victor
see
Bruntisfield, Baron

Warsaw Pact: forces, 210, 381; disintegrates, 693