Read Margaret Thatcher: The Autobiography Online
Authors: Margaret Thatcher
National Industrial Relations Court (NIRC), 126, 138
National Insurance, 79, 318
National Rivers Authority, 623
National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations, 460 & n
National Union of Journalists (NUJ), 303
National Union of Mineworkers (NUM): rejects NCB’s 1973 offer, 12; strike (1972), 133–4, 136; continuing militancy, 144–5, 436–7, 440; threatens strike (1981), 324–5,
437; overtime ban (1983), 438–9; balloting procedures, 440–1, 443, 448; calls strike (1984), 440; strike tactics, 441, 445; court cases, 444; negotiations with NCB (1984), 444, 447, 450–1, 455; picketing, 444–5; fined and funds sequestered, 453, 455; receives financial support from foreign countries, 453; acts of violence, 454; return to work, 454–6; legal actions against, 455;
see also
miners’ strikes
National Union of Teachers (NUT), 108
National Working Miners’ Committee, 451
nationalized industries, 306
Nationwide
(TV programme), 412
natural gas: pipeline from Soviet Russia, 387–9
Nazism, 20–4, 41
Neale, Gerry, 718–19
Neave, Airey: background, 167–8; supports MT in leadership campaign, 168–73; and MT’s Shadow Cabinet appointments, 175–6; as Shadow Northern Ireland Secretary, 179; supports changes at Central Office, 180; and MT’s personal staff, 181; killed by INLA bomb, 239, 481; and Northern Ireland problem, 463
Neave, Diana, 168
Netherlands: and South Africa, 539
Neubert, Michael, 718–19
New Ireland Forum, 470
Newton, Sir Isaac, 16
Newton, Tony, 661, 731
Niehans, Jurg, 320
‘Night of the Long Knives’ (1962), 81–2
Nimrod Airborne Early Warning System, 486
1922 Committee: MT attends, 71–2; du Cann chairs, 140; Heath’s opposition to Executive, 163; MT meets as Party leader, 177; MT addresses (1986), 558; and 1990 leadership election, 714–15
Nitze, Paul, 397
Nixon, Richard M., 203, 209
Nkomo, Joshua, 286–7, 289
No Turning Back Group, 719
Noble, Michael, 126
Noraid, 481
North Atlantic Council, 696
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO): US leadership, 203, 386; strength compared with Warsaw Pact, 210; Soviet attempts to split, 281–2; strategy, 282; and defence spending, 316; Reagan and, 335; modernization programme, 382; and Western security, 386; need for unity, 388; and arms control, 414; and Anglo-Irish Agreement, 473–5; MT on importance of, 657; and missile deployment, 672–3; and ‘flexible response’, 673, 681; heads of government summits (Brussels), 675, 682–3, 688; and SNF modernization, 682; united Germany in, 690; MT proposes membership for east European countries, 693; foreign ministers’ meeting on (1990), 694–6; MT discusses future with Bush, 694–6, 720; Turnberry meeting (1990), 694
North Sea oil, 272, 282, 299, 318, 320
Northern Ireland: and Scotland/Wales devolution, 238; MT visits, 278–80; terrorism and violence in, 278–80, 462, 477–80; conflict in, 462–3; and dicussions with Republic of Ireland, 462–3, 468–73; administration and government, 463–4; education, 464; MT’s policy on, 464–5; relations with UK, 464; hunger strikes, 465–9; general strike (1985), 475–6
Northern Ireland Office (NIO), 472
Nott, (Sir) John: in Economic Dining Group, 164; as Trade Secretary, 261; on union reform, 304; and British Leyland finances, 312; as Defence Secretary, 319; attacks Howe’s budget proposals, 329; and Argentine threat to Falklands, 343–4; in Falklands debate, 348; in War Cabinet, 350; announces Falklands exclusion zone, 351; supports MT in Falklands War, 352, 355, 362, 364; and conduct of Falklands war, 368, 373–4; attends Trooping the Colour ceremony, 379; and dual key control of nuclear weapons, 395; stands down from Parliament, 486
Nottinghamshire: miners ballot against strike, 441
Novak, Michael, 588
nuclear power stations, 625
nuclear weapons: used against Japan, 41–2; control of, 204, 211–12, 383, 395–6, 423–4; in NATO, 382; French, 383; independent British, 383–5, 424; and British defence strategy, 394–5; and unilateralism, 395; Gorbachev on, 511; as deterrent, 513–14, 518
Nutting, Sir Anthony, 60
N.W.L. Limited v. Nelson Wood
(legal case; ‘Nawala Case’), 304
Nyerere, Julius, 288, 337
Obaasanjo, General Olusegun, 538
Observer
(newspaper), 402
Official Unionist Party (OUP, Northern Ireland), 465, 469
Ogilvy, (Sir) Angus, 429
Ohira, Masayoshi, 284–5
oil price rises, 143, 268
Olivier, Sir Laurence (
later
Baron), 183
Olympic Games, Moscow (1980), 294
O’Neill, Sir Con, 200
Onslow, (Sir) Cranley, 714, 718, 723, 725–6
OPEC, 334
Open University, 110
opinion polls: and 1979 election, 251–2; MT disregards, 394; in 1983 election, 413; show Labour lead (1987), 557; (1990), 711, 714
Organization of African Unity, 286
Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), 427, 431
Orgreave Coke Works, 445
Orpington (constituency), 59, 63
Ostia
(bulk carrier), 449
O’Sullivan, John, 204, 561
Outer Space Treaty (1967), 515
Owen, David (
later
Baron), 564
Oxford: in wartime, 29
Oxford Union, 34–5
Oxford University: MT attends (Somerville College), 27–34, 39; political life, 34–6, 38–40; MT graduates from, 43
Oxford University Appointments Committee, 44
Oxford University Conservative Association (OUCA), 34–6, 38–9
Oxford University Graduate Conservative Association (OUGCA), 45, 53
Ozal, Turgut, 699, 721
Paisley, Ian, 465, 469, 474–5
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 530–2
Palestinians: terrorists, 499; claims and rights, 529–30; refugee camps, 531
Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount, 596
Pannell, Charlie, 72
Panorama
(TV programme), 308, 410
Papandreou, Andreas, 434, 549
Pardoe, John, 85
Paris: MT attends CSCE summit (1990), 720–3, 726
Parkinson, Cecil (
later
Baron): and MT’s 1981 Cabinet reshuffle, 330; as Party Chairman, 332; in War Cabinet for Falklands, 350, 368; and preparation of election manifesto, 404, 406; and 1983 election campaign, 407; reorganizes Central Office, 407; affair with Sarah Keays, 420–2; as Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, 421; resigns, 422; as Energy Secretary, 569, 623; and privatization of electricity, 623–6; unsuitable as Party leader, 660; as Transport Secretary, 661; supports MT in 1990 leadership election, 728
Parsons, Sir Anthony: condemns Soviet aggression in Afghanistan, 294; and Falklands crisis, 346, 370–1, 373, 377–8
Patten, Chris (
later
Baron): as Director of Research Department, 181; and MT’s 1975 Conference speech, 189; co-drafts
The Right Approach
, 193; prepares Party manifesto (1978), 225; and trade union reform, 234; as Environment Secretary, 604, 661–2; reviews community charge, 604–5; opposes capping of local authorities, 608–10; as potential Party leader, 660; and 1990 leadership election, 730
Peace Ballot (1935), 8, 231
Pearce, Sir Austin, 494
Pearl Harbor, 27
Peel, Sir Robert, 404
Peking, 390
penal policy, 77
pensions: reforms, 79–1; widows’, 80–1; retirement, 318
Pensions and National Insurance, Ministry of: MT’s post in, 78–9, 82, 86
Pepper, Gordon, 187
Peres, Shimon, 532–3
perestroika
, 692
Perez de Cuellar, Javier, 365, 370–3, 376
Pershing missiles, 334, 338, 384, 396, 414, 433, 672–3
Personal Equity Plans (PEPs), 616
Peru: peace initiative in Falklands War, 369
Peyton, John, 172
Philby, Kim, 82
Pike, Mervyn, 75
Pile, Sir William, 105, 107, 113
Pitt, Edith, 75
Pitt, William, the younger, 11
planning, 592
Plaza Agreement (1985), 630, 680
Pohl, Karl Otto, 640–1
Poland: Germany invades (1939), 22; and Nazi-Soviet pact, 24; Solidarity movement, 334, 387, 676–9, 683; martial law in, 386–8; MT visits, 676–80; communism collapses, 683
Polaris submarines, 383, 536
police: demoralised, 263; and enforcement of union picketing laws, 302; and riots, 326–7; in miners’ strike (1984), 441–2, 445
Pompidou, Georges, 129–30
Ponsonby, Amanda, 645
Popieluszko, Fr Jerzy, 678
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), 122
Port Stanley, Falkland Islands: airport bombed, 367; British assault on, 378–80
Portillo, Michael, 731–2
Portugal: admitted to EC, 549–50; and Social Charter, 659
Potsdam Conference (1945), 37
Poulson, John, 123 & n
poverty: and crime rates, 588–9
Powell, Anthony, 5
Powell, Sir Charles: meets Gorbachev with MT, 510; on outbreak of Gulf War, 697–8, 700; at 1990 Paris CSCE summit, 721; and MT’s resignation, 732
Powell, General Colin, 705
Powell, Enoch: resigns from Treasury, 62; speaks at new MPs’ dining club, 76; on immigration, 92–4, 222; qualities, 93; opposes British EC entry, 94, 129, 131, 146; resigns from Shadow Cabinet, 94; in general election (1970), 103; on changing policies, 120; and control of Rolls-Royce aerospace, 128; and industrial development, 137; challenges Heath, 140; recommends voting Labour (1974), 146; policy of integration in Northern Ireland, 464
Pre-Retirement Choice
, 166
press, the: access to local government, 73–4
Prevention of Terrorism Act, 482
Price, Charles, 459
prices, 90, 94–5, 120, 264, 269;
see also
incomes policy
Priestley, J.B., 18, 36
Prior, James (
later
Baron): in Heath’s Cabinet, 125; as Leader of the House, 140; and manifesto for October 1974 election, 154; in leadership election, 172; MT reappoints as Shadow Employment Secretary, 179; and trade unions, 186, 219, 232–5, 240–1, 269, 301–2, 305, 330; and inflation, 187; co-drafts
The Right Approach
, 193; on pay policy, 228–9; and election manifesto (1979), 240; in 1979 election campaign, 246; as Employment Minister, 262; and British Steel Corporation closures, 308; on MT’s economic strategy, 319; as Northern Ireland Secretary, 391, 469–70; aschairman of GEC, 471, 492; resigns as Northern Ireland Secretary, 471;
A Balance of Power
(memoirs), 89
Private Eye
(magazine), 259
Private Members’ Bills, 73–4
Private Office, 257
privatization, 405, 417, 619–26
Privy Councillors, 263
Programme Analysis and Review (PAR) system, 117 & n, 120
proportional representation, 202
Provisional IRA, 480
public expenditure: cuts under Heath, 126, 144; and counter-inflation, 186; cuts under Labour, 192; Keith Joseph on, 193–4; reduced under MT, 270, 276, 317–18, 321–2, 329, 618; White Paper on (1980–81), 277; Conservative dispute over, 316; growth in, 320–1; long term implications examined, 401–2
public sector: workers’ pay, 264, 268, 273; growth, 273
Public Sector Borrowing Requirement: reduced under MT, 276, 316–18; increases, 320–1
Public Sector Debt Repayment (PSDR), 616
Pym, Francis (
later
Baron): on death of Iain Macleod, 123; and devolution question, 238; requests increase in defence spending, 316; leaves Defence, 319; as Leader of House of Commons, 320; responsibility for disseminating government information, 320, 329; criticizes economic strategy, 329; as Foreign Secretary in Falklands crisis, 348–9, 352, 355, 358, 361, 363, 365, 369, 372,
418; in War Cabinet on Falklands, 349; visits to Washington, 361–3, 368; differences with MT over proposed Falklands settlement, 362–4; announces US supply of Trident to Britain, 385; in 1983 election campaign, 411; on landslide majorities, 411; questioned about Argentina negotiations, 411; retires to backbenches, 418
Quayle, Dan, 700
Queen Elizabeth II
(ship), 375
Queen’s Speech, (1979), 268
Question Time
(TV programme), 411
Rabin, Yitzhak, 533
race: and ‘negro problem’, 24; legislation, 93; MT on, 222; and riots, 326, 328
Race Relations Bill (1968), 93
Raison, Timothy, 164
Rakowski, Mieczyslaw, 677
Ramat Gan, Israel, 533
Ramphal, Sir Sonny, 288, 537
Rantzen, Esther, 92
Rapier Air Defence system, 386
rates (property), 152, 155, 597; capping, 417, 597; replacement by community charge, 599; revaluation, 599; reforms, 603
Ravenscraig, 449
Reagan, Ronald: bids for Republican presidential nomination, 209, 213–14; relations with MT, 213–14, 335–6, 423–5, 430–1, 514, 518; presidency, 295, 334–5, 423; qualities, 335, 415; and Argentine threat to Falklands, 344, 349, 365, 366; communicates with MT in Falklands dispute, 359–60, 365–6, 369–71, 376; attends G7 meeting at Versailles, 377, 389; and supply of Trident to Britain, 385–6; European mistrust of defence and arms control, 386; on repression in Poland, 387; anti-communism, 389; speechmaking, 389; and control of missiles, 396–7, 673; and Williamsburg G7 meeting (1983), 414–15; and intervention in Grenada, 427–30; on US involvement in Lebanon, 432; and US air attack on Libya, 500–2; Strategic Defence Initiative, 504, 511–12, 514–15, 517; on nuclear weapon-free world, 511, 514, 519; Soviet mistrust of, 511; meets and negotiates with Gorbachev, 516–17, 674; proposals at Reykjavik meeting, 517–18; MT discusses defence strategy with, 518; and Western liberty, 523; sanctions on South Africa, 536; and exchange rates, 630; MT meets after Irangate affair, 672; signs INF Treaty, 672–3, 675; and missile deployment, 673; and NATO summit (Brussels 1988), 675; visits Moscow, 675–6; address in City of London, 676
rearmament, 21, 36
Red Star
(Soviet newspaper), 210
Redmayne, Martin, Baron, 167
Reece, Gordon: MT first meets, 158; supports MT in leadership election, 166; joins MT’s full-time staff, 182–3; and MT’s 1975 visit to USA, 207–8; and
Red Star
’s description of MT as ‘Iron Lady’, 210; as Director of Publicity, 225; and Conservative advertising campaign, 226; and MT’s policy on trade uions, 233; and 1979 election campaign, 244–5, 252; and Argentine claims to Falklands, 340; advises on television in 1983 election, 406; amd 1990 leadership campaign, 719