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333

Table 5-1. Cbssific3rion of Benign and Malignanr Tumors

Tissue of Origin

Benign

Malignant

Epithelium

Surface epithelium

Papilloma

Carcinoma

Epithelial lining of gland or ducts

Adenoma

Adenocarcinoma

Connective tissue and muscle

Fibrous tissue

Fibroma

Fibrosarcoma

Cartilage

Chondroma

Chondrosarcoma

Bone

Osteoma

Osteosarcoma

Smooth muscle

Leiomyoma

Leiomyosarcoma

Striated muscle

Rhabdomyoma

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Nerve tissue

Glial

Glioma

Meninges

Meningioma

Meningeal sarcoma

Retina

Retinoblasroma

Lymphoid tissue

Lymphoma!

lymphosarcoma

Bone marrow

White blood cells

Leukemias

Plasma cells

Multiple myeloma

Source: With permission from S Baird (ed). A Cancer Source Book for Nurses (6th cd).

Adama: American Cancer Society, 1991 ;28.

Etiology and Risk Factors

The causes, or etiologies, of neoplasm are often divided into two categories, external or environmental and generic. There are risk factOrs that are thought ro predispose a person ro cancer. Most cancers probably develop from a combination of facrors. The most common etiologies can be found in Table 5-2. Risk facrors can be found in Table 5-3.

Signs and Symptoms

Signs and symptOms of cancer are most often due to rhe tumor's growth

and invasion of surrounding tissues. The American Cancer Society has

the acronym CAUTI ON for several common signs of cance�:

334

ACUTE CARE HANDBOOK FOR PHYSICAl

Table 5-2. Cancer Etiologies

Viruses

Human papilloma virus

Epstem-Barr virus

Chemical agents

Tar

Soor

Dyes

Polycyclic hydrocarbons

Nickel

Arsenic

Excessive ethanol ingestion

Vinyl chloride

Benzene

Physical agents

Ionizing radiation

Ultraviolet light

Asbestos

Wood duse

Drugs

Some chemotherapeutic agents

Hormones

Estrogen

Source: Adapted from LM Tierney, S1 McI>hee, �IA Papadakis (cds). Current �Icdl(;.ll

Diagnosis and Treatment. Stamford, CT: Applcton & Lange. 1999.

• C; Change in bowel or bladder ha bits

• A ; A sore that does nOt heal

• U ; Unusual bleeding or discharge

• T; Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere

• I ; Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing

• 0; Obvious change in a wart or mole

• N; Nagging cough or hoarseness

Additional signs and symptOms that may IIldicate cancer include

fever, unexplained weight loss of more than 10 Ib, undue f,lIigue,

unexplained pain, anorexia, anemia, and weakness.l

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335

Table 5-3. Risk Factors for Selected Cancer Sites

Cancer Sire

High-Risk Factors