Civilization: The West and the Rest (60 page)

15
. Details in Fogel,
Escape from Hunger
, tables 1.2, 1.4.

16
. Figures from Chandler,
Urban Growth
.

17
. Calculated in terms of current dollars, from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators online database.

18
. For an illuminating discussion, see Scruton,
The West and the Rest
.

19
. See e.g. Laue, ‘World Revolution of Westernization’.

20
. Acemoglu et al., ‘Reversal of Fortune’; Putterman and Weil, ‘Post-1500 Population Flows’.

21
. Pomeranz,
Great Divergence
.

22
. Elvin,
Pattern of the Chinese Past
.

23
. Clark,
Farewell to Alms
.

24
. Johnson,
Rasselas
, pp. 56f.

25
. Murray,
Human Accomplishment
.

26
. Landes,
Wealth and Poverty
.

27
. Hibbs and Olsson, ‘Geography’; Bockstette et al., ‘States and Markets’.

28
. Diamond,
Guns, Germs and Steel
.

29
. Diamond, ‘How to Get Rich’.

30
. See e.g. Roberts,
Triumph of the West
.

31
. See North,
Understanding the Process of Economic Change
; North et al.,
Violence and Social Orders
.

32
. Clark,
Farewell to Alms
, pp. 337–42.

33
. Rajan and Zingales, ‘Persistence of Underdevelopment’; Chaudhary et al., ‘Big BRICs, Weak Foundations’.

34
. Huntington,
Clash of Civilizations
.

35
. Wallerstein,
Modern World-System
.

36
. Huntington,
Clash of Civilizations
.

37
. See e.g. Kagan,
Paradise and Power
and, more recently, Schuker, ‘Sea Change’.

38
. See most recently Osborne,
Civilization
.

39
. Morris,
Why the West Rules
.

40
. Brownworth,
Lost to the West
.

41
. Cahill,
How the Irish Saved Civilization
. At the time of writing, it remains to be seen if the compliment will be returned.

42
. Dawson,
Making of Europe
; Woods,
How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization
.

43
. Matthews, ‘Strange Death’; Guyver, ‘England’.

44
. Amanda Kelly, ‘What Did Hitler Do in the War, Miss?’,
Times Educational Supplement
, 19 January 2001.

45
. MacGregor,
History of the World
.

CHAPTER 1: COMPETITION

1
. Smith,
Wealth of Nations
, Book I, chs. 8, 11, Book IV, ch. 9.

2
. Montesquieu,
Spirit of the Laws
, Book VIII, ch. 21. See also Book VII, ch. 7, Book XIX, chs. 17–20.

3
. See in general Bishop,
China’s Imperial Way
.

4
. Tsai,
Perpetual Happiness
, p. 123.

5
. Brook,
Confusions of Pleasure
.

6
. Pinker,
Better Angels
.

7
. Castor,
Blood and Roses
.

8
. Fogel,
Escape from Hunger
, tables 1.2, 1.4.

9
. Clark,
Farewell to Alms
.

10
. Dardess, ‘Ming Landscape’, pp. 323f.

11
. Needham (ed.),
Science and Civilization
, vol. V, pp. 52, 313.

12
. Ibid., vol. VI, pp. 558, 571, 581. Cf. Hobson,
Eastern Origins
, p. 201.

13
. Mokyr,
Lever of Riches
, pp. 209ff.

14
. Needham (ed.),
Science and Civilization
, vol. IV, p. 184.

15
. Ibid., vol. V, pp. 61, 157, 354, 421. Cf. Hobson,
Eastern Origins
, pp. 207–12.

16
. Levathes,
When China Ruled the Seas
.

17
. Ray, ‘Analysis’, p. 82.

18
. Ibid., pp. 82–4.

19
. Duyvendak, ‘True Dates’.

20
. Cotterell,
Imperial Capitals
, p. 222. See also Fernández-Armesto,
Millennium
, ch. 4;
Pathfinders
, ch. 4.

21
. Landes,
Wealth and Poverty
, pp. 95f.

22
. Keay,
China: A History
, p. 385.

23
. According to Nicholas D. Kristof, ‘1492: The Prequel’,
New York Times
, 6 June 1999.

24
. Finlay, ‘Portuguese and Chinese Maritime Imperialism’, pp. 240f.

25
. Flynn and Giraldez, ‘Born with a “Silver Spoon” ’, p. 204.

26
. Chirot, ‘Rise of the West’, pp. 181ff.

27
. Cipolla,
Guns and Sails
, pp. 77–82.

28
. Hoffman, ‘Why Was It that Europeans Conquered the World?’ On the deficiencies of the Ming tax system, see Huang,
1587
, p. 64.

29
. Jones,
European Miracle
, p. 67.

30
. Ibid., p. 120.

31
. Birch,
Historical Charters
, pp. 3f.

32
. Ibid., pp. 19f.

33
. Ibid., pp. 61f.

34
. Details from Inwood,
History of London
.

35
. Burrage and Corry, ‘At Sixes and Sevens’.

36
. Landes,
Revolution in Time
, pp. 34–42.

37
. Barmé,
Forbidden City
.

38
. Cotterell,
Imperial Capitals
, p. 222.

39
. Cotterell,
China: A History
, p. 178.

40
. Catto, ‘Written English’.

41
. Flynn and Giraldez, ‘Arbitrage, China, and World Trade’.

42
. Ebrey,
Cambridge Illustrated History of China
, esp. p. 215.

43
. For a good summary, see Goody,
Capitalism and Modernity
, pp. 103–17.

44
. Guan and Li, ‘GDP and Economic Structure’.

45
. See Mintz,
Sweetness and Power
, p. 191; Higman, ‘Sugar Revolution’.

46
. Clark,
Farewell to Alms
, p. 57.

47
. Pelzer and Pelzer, ‘Coffee Houses of Augustan London’.

48
. For a revisionist view, which downplays the social damage done by exports of opium from British India, see Newman, ‘Opium Smoking in Late Imperial China’.

49
. Barrow,
Life of Macartney
, vol. I, pp. 348f.

CHAPTER 2: SCIENCE

1
. See in general Bakar,
Tawhid and Science
; Morgan,
Lost History
; Lyons,
House of Wisdom
.

2
. Freely,
Aladdin’s Lamp
, p. 163.

3
. Lyons,
House of Wisdom
, p. 5.

4
. İhsanoglu,
Science, Technology and Learning
, pp. 16f.

5
. Mansel,
Constantinople
, p. 62.

6
. Hamdani, ‘Ottoman Response’.

7
. Forster and Daniel (eds.),
Life and Letters
, p. 221.

8
. Hess, ‘Ottoman Seaborne Empire’.

9
. İnalcik and Quataert,
Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire
, p. xviii.

10
. Stoye,
Siege of Vienna
, p. 32.

11
. Ibid., p. 119. Cf. Panaite,
Ottoman Law
.

12
. Goodwin,
Lords of the Horizons
, p. 229.

13
. Lewis,
What Went Wrong?
, pp. 18f.

14
. Özmucur and Pamuk, ‘Real Wages’; Quataert,
Ottoman Manufacturing
. As in India, traditional textile manufacturing was hard hit by European competition in the early nineteenth century, but the Ottoman economy fared better in the period after 1850.

15
. Rafeq, ‘Making a Living’; Pamuk, ‘Institutional Change’.

16
. Grant, ‘Rethinking the Ottoman “Decline” ’.

17
. Steinberg,
Five Hundred Years
, pp. 22–5.

18
. Eisenstein,
Printing Revolution
, p. 168.

19
. Luther,
Concerning Christian Liberty
(1520).

20
. Crofts, ‘Printing, Reform and Catholic Reformation’, p. 376.

21
. Holborn, ‘Printing and the Growth of a Protestant Movement’, pp. 134f.

22
. Dittmar, ‘Ideas, Technology, and Economic Change’.

23
. Walsham, ‘Unclasping the Book?’, p. 156.

24
. Hall, ‘Intellectual Tendencies’, pp. 390f.

25
. Bohnstedt, ‘Infidel Scourge of God’, p. 24.

26
. Clark, ‘Publication of the Koran’, p. 9.

27
. Thomas,
Religion and the Decline of Magic
; Levack,
Witch-Hunt
.