Black Gotham: A Family History of African Americans in Nineteenth-Century New York City (62 page)

46
.
Report of the Committee of Merchants
, 32–34.

47
. Strong,
Diary
, 3:342–43.

48
. Foner,
Business and Slavery
, 122–23, 235; Irwin, 12–25.

49
.
Weekly Anglo-African
, July 10, 1862.

1
.
Report of the Committee on Volunteering
, 13–14, 35–38; J. M. Smith, “Sketch of the Life and Labors of Henry Highland Garnet,” 57–58: Strong,
Diary
, 3:347, 411.

2
.
New York Tribune
, March 6, 1864.

3
. Union League Club,
Report of the Committee on Volunteering
, 17;
Weekly Anglo-African
, August 20, 1864, February 20, 1864.

4
. Union League Club,
Report of the Committee on Volunteering
, 17;
Weekly Anglo-African
, January 30, 1864.

5
. Duncan,
Where Death and Glory Meet
, 68, 79–88.

6
. Duncan,
Where Death and Glory Meet
, 107–16;
Liberator
, August 22, 1863.

7
. Reid,
Freedom for Themselves
, 22–31; Humphreys,
Intensely Human
, 74, 67, 95, 124–41.

8
. Assistant Surgeon John DeGrasse, Proceedings of General Courts-Martial, RG 153.

9
. Letter, Daniel Mann to Major Horace R. Wirtz, October 22, 1863; Letter, Major Horace R. Wirtz to Major General Gillmore, November 20, 1863.

10
. Letter, Colonel James Beecher to Brigadier General Edward Wild, December 4, 1863.

11
. Rugoff,
The Beechers
, 452–57.

12
. Rugoff,
The Beechers
, ch. 24.

13
. Stauffer,
Black Hearts of Men
, 277;
Weekly Anglo-African
, November, 25, 1865.

14
.
Proceedings of the National Convention of Colored Men, Syracuse, 1864
, 9, 13; Pasternak,
Rise Now and Fly to Arms
, 118.

15
.
Proceedings of the National Convention of Colored Men, Syracuse, 1864
, 19, 26–28.

16
. Garnet, “Memorial Discourse,” 85, 89.

17
.
Weekly Anglo-African
, April 22, 1865.

18
.
Christian Recorder
, July 15, 1865.

19
. Pasternak,
Rise Now and Fly to Arms
, 148–49, 130–44, 153–54.

20
.
Christian Recorder
, February 17, 1866.

21
.
Frederick Douglass’ Paper
, July 27, 1855.

22
. Lyons, “Memories of Yesterdays,” 12, 14.

23
.
New York Freeman
, March 7, 1885.

24
.
New York Freeman
, January 2, 1886.

25
. Johnson,
Black Manhattan
, 58–60.

1
. Wilder,
Covenant with Color
, 9–15, 37; Livingston,
President Lincoln’s Third Largest City
, 25.

2
. Miller and Miller, “Brooklyn, 1476–1976,” 39; Livingston,
President Lincoln’s Third Largest City
, 91–97; Wilder,
Covenant with Color
, 54–58; Merlis,
Brook-lyn’s Williamsburgh
, 25.

3
. Swan, “Black Belt of Brooklyn,” 99–111.

4
.
Forty-fourth Circular of Castleton Medical College
, 9.

5
. Connolly,
Ghetto Grows in Brooklyn
, 23–24.

6
.
Frederick Douglass’ Paper
, November 29, 1861.

7
. Wilder,
Covenant with Color
, 77–78.

8
. Roff, “Brooklyn’s Reaction to Black Suffrage,” 30, 33.

9
. Minutes of Stone Square no. 6 Lodge, March 5, 1862, Williamson Papers, reel 1; Williamson, “History of Freemasonry,” n.p.

10
. Scheiner,
Negro Mecca
, 23.

11
. Armbruster,
Brooklyn’s Eastern District
, 286.

12
. Johnson,
Along this Way
, 48.

13
. Livingston,
President Lincoln’s Third Largest City
, 23; Williamson, “History of Freemasonry,” n.p.

14
.
Brooklyn Daily Eagle
, August 5, 1862.

15
.
New York Tribune
, August 6, 1862.

16
.
Brooklyn Daily Eagle
, August 12, 1862.

17
.
Brooklyn Daily Eagle
, August 8, 11, 12, and 14, 1862.

18
.
Brooklyn Daily Times
, August 6, 1862.

19
. Wilder,
Covenant with Color
, 92, 94, 95.

20
. Applegate,
Most Famous Man in America
, 284, 316.

21
.
Brooklyn Daily Times
, August 8, 1862.

22
. Livingston,
President Lincoln’s Third Largest City
, 150, 151;
Brooklyn Daily Times
, July 16, 1863; Swan, “Some Historic Number,” 124.

23
.
Brooklyn Daily Times
, August 4, 1862.

24
.
Brooklyn Daily Times
, August 4 and 5, 1862.

25
.
Brooklyn Daily Times
, August 4, 1862.

26
.
New York Tribune
, August 4, 1862;
Brooklyn Daily Eagle
, August 4, 1862.

27
.
Brooklyn Daily Times
, August 5, 1862.

28
.
Brooklyn Daily Times
, August 5, 1862;
Brooklyn Daily Eagle
, July 30, 1862.

29
.
Brooklyn Daily Eagle
, July 30, 1862.

30
.
Brooklyn Daily Eagle
, August 5, 1862.

31
. Hazelton,
Boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens
, 3:1421.

32
.
Brooklyn News
, July 10, 1862.

33
. Peter Guignon obituary,
New York Freeman
, January 31, 1885; Lyons, “Memories of Yesterdays,” 16.

34
. Peter Guignon Jr. obituary,
New York Tribune
, July 29, 1865;
Weekly Anglo-African
, August 5, 1865.

35
. Fletcher,
History of Oberlin College
, 1:35–39, 146–47.

36
. Fletcher,
History of Oberlin College
, 2:524, 526.

37
.
Lorain County News
, August 8, 1865.

1
. Stiles,
History of the City of Brooklyn
, 2:489; Green,
History of the New York and Brooklyn Bridge
, 10.

2
. Buttenwieser, “Exalted Spaces,” 23–25; Seim, “To Those Who Lived Below,” 23.

3
. Livingston,
President Lincoln’s Third Largest City
, 41–42; Stiles,
History of the City of Brooklyn
, 3:943–44.

4
.
New York Freeman
, March 13, 1886.

5
.
New York Freeman
, December 31, 1887.

6
.
New York Globe
, September 1, 1883.

7
.
New York Globe
, July 12, 1884.

8
.
New York Freeman
, January 10, 1885.

9
. Lyons, “Memories of Yesterdays,” 55–56; Gatewood,
Aristocrats of Color
, 233.

10
. Lyons, “Memories of Yesterdays,” 55.

11
. Crummell, “Attitude of the American Mind,” 205–6; “Destined Superiority of the Negro,” 50–51.

12
. Crummell, “Destined Superiority of the Negro,” 51; “Civilization,” 198; Crummell, “Right-Mindedness,” 154.

13
. Patterson,
The First Four Hundred
, 76–87.

14
. Sacks,
Before Harlem
, 9; Connolly,
Ghetto Grows in Brooklyn
, 21; Wilder,
Covenant with Color
, 138; Lyons, “Memories of Yesterdays,” 28.

15
. Quoted in Sacks,
Before Harlem
, 27.

16
.
Christian Recorder
, November 23, 1882, quoted in Gatewood,
Aristocrats of Color
, 188.

17
. Swan,
T. McCants Stewart
, ch. 1.

18
. Thornbrough,
T. Thomas Fortune
, ch. 1.

19
. Booker T. Washington,
The Negro in Business
, 150–58.

20
.
New York Freeman
, March 27, 1888.

21
.
New York Freeman
, March 27, 1885.

22
. Peter Ray obituary,
Brooklyn Daily Times
, January 30, 1882.

23
. McClean,
History of Jersey City
, 442; “Tobacco Manufactories of Brooklyn,” 224;
Industries of New Jersey
, 886.

24
. Tobacco Institute,
New York and Tobacco
, 16–17.

25
.
Brooklyn Daily Eagle
, February 12, 1890.

26
.
Fourth Annual Report of the Alumni Association
, 1874.

27
. Records of the College of the Pharmacy of the City of New York, Box 9.

28
.
Druggists’ Circular
, January 1882, p. 27;
Druggists’ Reference Register
7 (January 1871): 13.

29
. Worthen,
Heroes of Pharmacy
, 201–6.

30
. Wimmer,
College of Pharmacy of the City of New York
, 127.

31
.
Druggists’ Circular
, July 1882, 107.

32
.
Druggists’ Circular
, January 1883, 12, June 1887, 142.

33
. Bennett, “Black Episcopalians,” 238–40.

34
.
New York Globe
, September 8, 1883;
New York Freeman
, January 17, 1885.

35
. Bennett, “Black Episcopalians,” 240–41;
New York Age
, September 28, 1889; Bragg,
History of the Afro-American Group
, 153.

36
. St. Philip’s Vestry Minutes, April 14, 1891.

37
. St. Philip’s Vestry Minutes, July 8, 1875, June 17, 1875.

38
. St. Philip’s Vestry Minutes, May 13, June 10, 1890.

39
. St. Philip’s Vestry Minutes, April 13, May 11, 1890.

40
.
New York Age
, November 3, 1888;
New York Globe
, December 22, 1883;
New York Age
, April 14, 1888; St. Philip’s Vestry Minutes, February 10, 1880.

41
. St. Philip’s Vestry Minutes, July 12, 1870, Certificate of Incorporation of St. Philip’s Parish Home, June 18, 1871.

42
.
New York Freeman
, February 12, 1887, May 28, 1887.

43
. St. Philip’s Vestry Minutes, December 17, 1877, April 17, 1878.

44
. Lyons, “Memories of Yesterdays,” 79.

45
. St. Philip’s Vestry Minutes, August 10, 1875.