Black Gotham: A Family History of African Americans in Nineteenth-Century New York City (60 page)

24
. Jay,
Caste and Slavery
, 15–16.

25
. Townsend,
Faith in Their Own Color
, 69;
Colored American
, December 7, 1839; Jay, “Caste and Slavery,” 9.

26
. Du Bois,
Souls
, 236.

27
. St. Philip’s Vestry Minutes, October 10 and 13, November 14, 1843.

28
.
Colored American
, December 7, 1839.

29
. Lyons, “Memories of Yesterdays,” 75; Lindsley,
This Planted Vine
, 114–29.

30
. Morgan, “The Education and Medical Practice of Dr. James McCune Smith,” 606.

31
.
Colored American
, November 11, 1837.

32
. Stauffer,
Black Hearts of Men
, 88; Morgan, “The Education and Medical Practice of Dr. James McCune Smith,” 608.

33
.
Colored American
, February 17, 1838.

1
. McHenry,
Forgotten Readers
, 88–114.

2
. Genealogical Records, Williamson Papers, reel 1.

3
. Lyons, “Memories of Yesterdays, 74.

4
. Williamson Papers, reel 1.

5
.
Colored American
, September 9, 1837.

6
. Harris,
In the Shadow of Slavery
, 115–19; Freeman,
The Free Negro in New York City
, 93.

7
. Alexander,
African or American?
40–43.

8
.
Colored American
, September 2, 1837.

9
.
Colored American
, August 25, 1837.

10
.
Colored American
, November 17, 1838, July 27, 1839.

11
.
Colored American
, August 8, 1840, August 15, 1840.

12
.
Colored American
, February 13, 1841.

13
.
Colored American
, October 30, 1841.

14
.
Colored American
, July 14, 1838, September 2, 1837.

15
.
Colored American
, September, 5, 1840.

16
. Porter, “Organized Educational Activities,” 565–66.

17
.
Colored American
, May 2, 1840.

18
.
Colored American
, January 27, 1838.

19
.
Colored American
, August 7, 1841.

20
. Harper, “Chit Chat, or Fancy Sketches,” 342.

21
. J. M. Smith, “Destiny of Our People,” 8; “Freedom and Slavery for Afric-Americans,” 280.

22
. J. M. Smith, “Destiny of Our People,” 10, 6, 7, 15.

23
. J. M. Smith, “Lectures on the Haytien Revolutions,”
Colored American
, September 25, 1841.

24
. J. M. Smith, “Freedom and Slavery for Afric-Americans,” 279–80.

25
.
New York Freeman
, July 18, 1885.

26
. Wilder,
In the Company of Black Men
, 114; Brooks,
Official History and Manual
, 12–34.

27
. Wilder,
In the Company of Black Men
, 113, 117; Brooks,
Official History and Manual
, 219; Grimshaw,
Official History of Freemasonry
, 9.

28
. Brooks,
Official History and Manual
, 221, 222.

29
.
Frederick Douglass’ Paper
, October 21, 1853.

30
.
Frederick Douglass’ Paper
, March 24, 1854; Boylan,
Origins of Women’s Activism
, 35, 41, 129–30.

31
.
Colored American
, March 4, 1837.

32
. M. S. Jones,
All Bound Up Together
, 51–57;
Colored American
, August 7, 1841.

33
.
Colored American
, September 23, 1837.

34
. Boylan,
Origins of Women’s Activism
, 221–23.

35
. Crummell, “Letter from Alexander Crummell,” 94.

36
.
Colored American
, December 30, 1837; Harris,
In the Shadow of Slavery
, 202–6.

37
. Public School Society Annual Reports, February 1, 1833, May 1, 1835, May 13, 1836, May 4, 1838.

38
. Minutes of the Manumission Society Papers, vol. 8, 1829–1849, November 1, 1838.

39
.
Colored American
, April 12, 1838, December 12, 1840, September 14, 1839, September 18, 1841.

40
. Barnett,
Education for African Americans in New York State
, 36–37;
Colored American
, June 1, October 19, November 9, 1839.

41
.
Brooklyn Citizen
, March 27, 1891.

42
. Lyons, “Memories of Yesterdays,” 80.

43
. Public School Society, Record Book, vol. 62, January 25, April 28, 1840, June 11, 1841.

44
. Lyons, “Memories of Yesterdays,” 49.

1
.
Colored American
, October 24, 1840.

2
. Peter Ray obituary,
Brooklyn Daily Eagle
, January 30, 1882.

3
. “Receipts, chiefly for curing tobacco and preparing snuff,” Arents Collection, New York Public Library, n.p.

4
. Robert,
The Story of Tobacco in America
, 77–81, 63–69;
Minutes of the Common Council
, 13:679.

5
. Downey,
Lorillard and Tobacco
, 11–13; Gately,
Tobacco
, 117–21.

6
. Fox,
The Lorillard Story
, 19, 24–30.

7
. Robert,
The Story of Tobacco in America
, 66.

8
. Thorburn,
Fifty Years’ Reminiscences
, 144–45;
Liberator
, March 14, 1856.

9
. Fox,
The Lorillard Story
, 22; Tobacco Institute,
New York and Tobacco
, 17.

10
. A. Jones,
Pierre Toussaint
, 130–67, 194–96, 272–75.

11
. Letter, Cornelia A. Guignon to Albro Lyons, December 14, 1854; Letter, Harry Albro Williamson to Mrs. Granger, June 20, 1957, Williamson Papers, reel 1.

12
.
Colored American
, November 18, 1837; Morgan, “Education and Medical Practice of Dr. James McCune Smith,” 610.

13
. Harris,
In the Shadow of Slavery
, 145–57.

14
.
Colored American
, April 29, 1837, January 19, 1839; Harris,
In the Shadow of Slavery
, 165–67.

15
.
Brooklyn Citizen
, March 27, 1891.

16
. Higby,
In Service to American Pharmacy
, 40–41; Wimmer,
The College of Pharmacy of the City of New York
, 14; Cowen and Helfand,
Pharmacy
, 123–34.

17
. A. Miller,
Shaker Herbs
, 14–15, 29–30.

18
. Parrish, “Relations of the Several Classes of Druggists and Pharmacists,” 482; Wimmer,
The College of Pharmacy of the City of New York
, 14.

19
.
Brooklyn Citizen
, March 21, 1891; Fields’s lecture was later published as an essay under the title “Now or Never,”
Anglo-African Magazine
(February 1860): 61–62.

20
. Philip White obituary,
New York Age
, February 21, 1891.

21
. Wimmer,
The College of Pharmacy of the City of New York
, 20–21.

22
.
New York Tribune
, August 25, 1847, June 11, 1845.

23
. Parascondola,
The Development of American Pharmacology
, 13–15.

24
. Charter and By-Laws of the College of Pharmacy of the City of New York, 9–10.

25
. College of Pharmacy of the City of New York, Trustees’ Minutes, March 14, 1844; Members’ Minutes, March 21 and 28, 1844.

26
.
North Star
, December 3, 1847.

27
.
Frederick Douglass’ Paper
, May 27, 1852.

28
.
North Star
, February 11, 1848;
Frederick Douglass’ Paper
, April 22, 1852.

29
. Foster,
New York Naked
, 63.

30
. Lyons, “Memories of Yesterdays,” 59, 2, 44–45.

31
. Beach,
Wealth and Pedigree of Wealthy Citizens
, 49; Freeman,
Free Negro in New York City
, 205–8.

32
. Peter Guignon obituary,
New York Freeman
, January 31, 1885; Lyons, “Memories of Yesterdays,” 27–28, 79.

33
.
Colored American
, March 28, 1840; De Costa,
Three Score and Ten
, 29.

34
. Lyons, “Memories of Yesterdays,” 72.

35
. Lyons, “Memories of Yesterdays,” 75.

36
. Lyons, “Memories of Yesterdays,” 28, 45.

37
. Dunbar,
Fragile Freedom
, 122–25.

38
. Rebecca Peterson entry, “To Martina,” July 16, 1840, p. 46; Rebecca Peterson entry, “On My Lady’s Writing, July 11, 1840, p. 35.

39
. Charles Reason entry, “True Happiness Has No Localities,” 1838, p. 57; Patrick Reason entry, “The Wife,” January 1839, p. 25; James McCune Smith entry, “To the River Clyde,” August 1833, pp. 39–40; Isaiah DeGrasse entry, “Religion,” July 19, 1836, p. 26.

40
.
Frederick Douglass’ Paper
, February 26, 1852.

41
. Bobo,
Glimpses of New York
, 126;
Colored American
, December 9, 1837.

42
. Genealogical Records, Willliamson Papers, reel 1.

43
. McAllister,
White People Do Not Know How to Behave
, 43, 56, 92–97.

44
. White,
Stories of Freedom
, 93–95.

45
. McAllister,
White People Do Not Know How to Behave
, 81.

46
. White,
Stories of Freedom
, 131–32, 115–18, 135–36, 174–77, 182–85.

47
. Foster,
New York by Gaslight
, 122–26.

48
. Burrows and Wallace,
Gotham
, 678;
New York Tribune
, November 18, 1851.

49
. Burrows and Wallace, 883.

50
. Scoville,
Old Merchants of New York City
, 1:258–80.

51
. Philip White obituary,
New York Times
, February 18, 1891.

52
. Wimmer,
The College of Pharmacy of the City of New York
, 121–22; Parrish, “Pharmacy as a Business,” 61; Higby,
In Service to American Pharmacy
, 43.

53
. Rosenberg,
Cholera Years
, 105–14.

54
. Scherzer,
Unbounded Community
, 31, 66.

55
.
North Star
, February 11, 1848.

56
. G. Downing, “Sketch of the Life and Times of Thomas Downing,” 405–6.

57
. Dayton,
Last Days of Knickerbocker Life
, 104.