America's Hidden History: Untold Tales of the First Pilgrims, Fighting Women, and Forgotten Founders Who Shaped a Nation Paperback (29 page)

Bush, making this rather extraordinary woman the ancestor of three American presidents.

21. Ibid.,

pp. 240–41.

22. Richard Francis,
Judge Sewall’s Apology: A Biography,
p. 17.

23. Jill Lepore,
The Name of War: King Philip’s War and the Origins of
American Identity,
p. 9.

24. Colin G. Calloway,
The World Turned Upside Down,
p. 78.

25. David Hackett Fischer,
Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America
, p. 17 (emphasis added).

26. Cited in Francis J. Bremer,
John Winthrop: America’s Forgotten Founding Father,
p. 191.

Bradford,
Of Plymouth Plantation
, p. 227.

28. Bremer,
John Winthrop,
p. 238.

29. Bradford,
Of Plymouth Plantation,
p. 331.

| 239 \

Notes

30. If Uncas and Mohegan sound vaguely familiar, you are probably thinking of James Fenimore Cooper’s epic 1826 novel,
The Last of the
Mohicans
, one of the most popular novels of its time and a school reading list staple for centuries. Cooper’s “Mohicans” were actually an Algonquian-speaking tribe called Mahicans, based in New York’s Hudson River valley. Although Uncas is a character in the novel, he had nothing to do with the historical Uncas of the Mohegans, a different Algonquian tribe based in eastern Connecticut.

31. From
Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society,
cited in Calloway,
The World Turned Upside Down,
p. 80. The Pequot were not entirely wiped out, and a Pequot reservation was established in Connecticut in 1667. More than three hundred years later, in 1983, the tribe received federal recognition and eventually went on to open the Foxwoods Resort Casino. Their traditional rivals, the Mohegans of Connecticut, remained allies of the English during the seventeenth century. In 1994, they too received federal recognition and now operate the Mohegan Sun casino in Connecticut.

32. Ibid.

33. Cited in Calloway,
The World Turned Upside Down,
p. 20.

34. Philbrick,
Mayflower
, p. 332.

35. Salisbury, “Introduction,” in Mary Rowlandson,
The Sovereignty and
Goodness of God,
p. 1.

36. Lepore,
The Name of War,
pp. 173–75.

The Sovereignty and Goodness of God
, p. 70.

38. An extraordinary coincidental connection existed between the Rowlandson and Hannah Dustin captivity stories. The Indian who had provided young Samuel Lennardson with such excellent instructions on the use of a tomahawk and the precise methods of scalp taking had learned English while he was a servant in the Rowlandson household in Lancaster.

39. Known in Europe as the War of the Spanish Succession.

40. Tony Horwitz, “Apalachee Tribe, Missing for Centuries, Comes Out of Hiding,”
Wal Street Journal,
March 9, 2005. According to Hor-

| 240 \

Notes

witz, the Apalachee Tribe’s bleak history continued for centuries. Eighty survivors of the original tribe settled along the Red River in Louisiana.

In 1803, American settlers burned the Apalachee’s cabins and seized their land. Later, their land was sold to a cotton planter who used his slaves to drive the Indians out. Struggling in bayou country, their descendants were later set upon by Klansmen in the early 1900s. The Apalachee are still fighting to win federal recognition.

Part III: Washington’s Confession

Anderson,
Crucible of War,
p. 6.

Writings
, p. 43
.

3. Ibid.,

pp. 47-48.

4. Cited in James Thomas Flexner,
The Forge of Experience
, p. 92.

5. Robert Jenkins was a British privateer. He claimed that the Spanish had boarded his ship and severed his ear. When Jenkins’ pickled ear was eventually exhibited in the House of Commons, England was whipped into a war frenzy. In 1739, the British declared war on Spain.

6. David Hackett Fischer,
Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America,
p. 212.

7. Over the centuries, it has been suggested that this bout with smallpox may have rendered George Washington, the “Father of His Country,” sterile. He fathered no children with his wife, Martha, a widow who had given birth to two children of her own in her first marriage. The suggestion that Washington fathered children by slaves is treated in Henry Wiencek’s
An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves and the Creation
of America,
but in spite of oral histories suggesting otherwise, Wiencek offers that no definitive answer to the question is possible.

8. David L. Holmes,
The Faiths of the Founding Fathers,
p. 106.

9. H. Paul Jeffers,
Freemasons: Inside the World’s Oldest Secret Society
, pp. 46–47.

10. James Thomas Flexner,
Washington: The Indispensable Man
, p. 15.

| 241 \

Notes

11. Ibid.,

p. 16.

Crucible of War,
p. 86.

13. Ibid.,

pp. 292–93.

14. Washington, “Reward for Runaway Slaves,”
Writings
, pp. 102–03.

Writings
, pp. 162–63.

Part IV: Warren’s Toga 1. Cited in David Hackett Fischer,
Paul Revere’s Ride,
p. 70.

Puls,
Samuel Adams: Father of the American Revolution,
p. 167.

3. Cited in Richard M. Ketchum,
Decisive Day: The Battle for Bunker
Hil ,
p. 57.

4. Gordon S. Wood,
The Radicalism of the American Revolution
, p. 104.

5. Fred Anderson,
A People’s Army: Massachusetts Soldiers and Society in
the Seven Years’ War,
p. 22.

6. Colin G. Calloway,
The Scratch of a Pen:
1763
and the Transformation
of North America,
p. 98.

Raphael,
A People’s History of the American Revolution,
pp. 49–50.

8. Cited in Puls,
Samuel Adams,
pp. 163–64.

9. Elizabeth A. Fenn,
Pox Americana: The Great Smal pox Epidemic of
1775–82
, pp. 46, 88.

10. Cited in Lynne Withey,
Dearest Friend: A Life of Abigail Adams,
pp. 44–45.

11. Cited in Fischer,
Paul Revere’s Ride,
p. 67.

12. Ibid.,

p. 66.

Fleming,
Liberty: The American Revolution
, p. 106.

Samuel Adams,
pp. 155–56.

15. Cited in Raphael,
A People’s History of the American Revolution
, pp. 3–4.

Liberty,
p. 106.

17. Cited in Puls,
Samuel Adams,
p. 129.

18. Cited in Puls,
Samuel Adams,
p. 129.

| 242 \

Notes

in
Paul Revere’s Ride,
p. 26.

20. Ibid., p. 19.

21. William H. Hallahan,
The Day the American Revolution Began
, pp. 49–50.

22. Cited in Fischer,
Paul Revere’s Ride,
p. 269.

Samuel Adams,
p. 173.

24. Cited in Ketchum,
Decisive Day
, p. 195.

25. Fischer,
Paul Revere’s Ride
, p. 97.

26. Simon Schama,
Rough Crossings: The Slaves, the British, and the American Revolution,
p. 7.

27. Ibid.,

p. 8.

Part V: Arnold’s Boot 1. A veteran of the wars with France, Skene had acquired the property that he named Skenesborough. More than fifty-six thousand acres of Skene property were later confiscated when Major Skene and his family were declared “enemies of the state” during the Revolution by New York.

Today it is known as Whitehall, New York.

2. Willard Sterne Randall,
Benedict Arnold: Patriot and Traitor,
p. 94.

3. Ian K. Steele,
Betrayals: Fort William Henry and the “Massacre,
” p.

4. Cited in Randall,
Benedict Arnold,
p. 92.

5. Michael A. Bellesiles,
Revolutionary Outlaws: Ethan Allen and the
Struggle for Independence on the Early American Frontier,
p. 4.

6. Cited in Randall,
Benedict Arnold,
p. 97.

7. Cited in Bellesiles
, Revolutionary Outlaws,
p. 121.

8. It is worth noting that to this day some histories of the attack on Ticonderoga still either fail to mention Benedict Arnold or seriously under-play his role in events.

9. James Thomas Flexner,
Washington: The Indispensable Man,
p. 141.

10. Randall,
Benedict Arnold: Patriot and Traitor,
p. 39.

| 243 \

Notes

11. Dave R. Palmer,
George Washington and Benedict Arnold: A Tale of
Two Patriots,
p. 4.

12. Randall,
Benedict Arnold,
p. 136.

13. Boston’s large and notable Irish-Catholic populace did not arrive until the mass immigration of the nineteenth century, when millions of Irish Catholics came to America and endured bias and bigotry for generations.

14. Randall,
Benedict Arnold,
p. 151.

15. Richard M. Ketchum,
Saratoga: Turning Point of America’s Revolutionary War,
p. 14.

16. Elizabeth Fenn,
Pox Americana: The Great Smal pox Epidemic of 1775–
82,
p. 63.

17. Cited in Randall,
Benedict Arnold,
p. 560.

18. Cited in ibid., p. 574.

Part VI: Lafayette’s Sword 1. Cited in Leonard L. Richards,
Shays’s Rebellion: The American Revolution’s Final Battle,
p. 130.

2. Ibid.,

pp. 45–46.

3. Alden T. Vaughan, “The ‘Horrid and Unnatural Rebellion’ of Daniel Shays.” http://www.american heritage.com/articles/magazine/

ah/1966/4/1966_4_50_prints.html.

Shays’s Rebellion,
p. 92.

5. Leonard L. Richards,
Shays’s Rebellion: The American Revolution’s
Final Battle
, p. 63.

6. Cited in ibid., p. 63.

Washington,
Writings,
p. 544.

Brookhiser,
Founding Father: Rediscovering George Washington,
pp. 53–54.

9. Gary B. Nash,
The Unknown American Revolution,
p. 76.

Raphael,
A People’s History of the American Revolution,
p. 31.

| 244 \

Notes

11. Ibid.,

p. 33.

12. Cited in Nash,
The Unknown American Revolution,
p. 319.

13. H. W. Brands,
The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin
Franklin,
p. 671.

14. John Steele Gordon,
An Empire of Wealth,
p. 65.

Writings,
p. 652.

16. Christopher Collier and James Lincoln Collier,
Decision in Philadelphia,
pp. 100–1.

Irons,
A People’s History of the Supreme Court
, p. 24.

The First American,
p. 689.

19. Catherine Drinker Bowen,
Miracle at Philadelphia,
p. 277.

20. Akhil Reed Amar,
America’s Constitution: A Biography,
p. 8.

Irons,
A People’s History of the Supreme Court,
pp. 89–90.

22. Ibid., p. 90.

23. Collier and Collier,
Decision in Philadelphia,
p. 288.

| 245 \

Bibliography

a

This list of readings is organized by chapter. Many of the books are referenced in more than one chapter, but are listed here only under the chapter in which they are first cited.

Part I: Isabella’s Pigs Bennet, Charles E.
Laudonnière and Fort Caroline: History and Documents.

Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001.

Bolton, Herbert Eugene, editor.
Spanish Exploration in the Southwest, 1542–
1706.
New York: Barnes and Noble, 1908.

Bradford, Sarah.
Lucrezia Borgia: Life, Love and Death in Renaissance Italy.

New York: Viking, 2004.

Castañeda, Pedro de,
et al.
The Journey of Coronado.
Translated and edited by George Parker Winship. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover, 1990.

Clayton, Lawrence A., Vernon James Knight Jr., and Edward C. Moore, editors.
The De Soto Chronicles: The Expedition of Hernando De Soto to
North America in 1539–1543.
2 vols. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1993.

Colbert, David, editor.
Eyewitness to America:
500
Years of American History
in the Worlds of Those Who Saw It Happen.
New York: Pantheon, 1997.

| 247 \

Bibliography

Columbus, Christopher.
The Four Voyages of Christopher Columbus.
Edited and translated by J. M. Cohen. New York: Penguin Books, 1969.

Diamond, Jared.
Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed.
New York: Viking, 2005.

———.
Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies.
New York: Norton, 1998.

Díaz, Bernal.
The Conquest of New Spain.
Edited and translated by J. M.

Cohen. New York: Penguin Books, 1963.

Duncan, David Ewing.
Hernando de Soto: A Savage Quest in the Americas.

New York: Crown, 1995.

Earle, Peter.
The Pirate Wars.
New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2003.

Eltis, David.
The Rise of Slavery in the Americas.
New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Flint, Richard.
Great Cruelties Have Been Reported: The 1544 Investigation of
the Coronado Expedition.
Dallas, Tex.: Southern Methodist University Press, 2002.