Why Marx Was Right (27 page)

2. Marx and Engels,
The German Ideology
(London, 1974).

3. Marx,
The Civil War in France
(New York, 1972), p. 134.

4. Raymond Williams,
Culture and Society 1780-1950
(Harmonds-worth, 1985), p. 320.

5. Norman Geras,
Marx and Human Nature:
Refutation of a Legend
(London, 1983).

6. Terry Eagleton,
The Illusions of Postmodernism
(Oxford, 1996),

p. 47.

7. See Len Doyal and
Roger Harris, ''The Practical Foundations of Human Understanding,''
New Left Review,
no. 139 (May/June 1983).

8. For a
counterargument, see Eagleton,
The Illusions of Postmodernism.

9. Norman Geras, ''The
Controversy about Marx and Justice,''
New Left Review,
no. 150 (March/April 1985), p. 82.

10. Quoted by Norman Geras,
''The Controversy about Marx and Justice,''
New Left Review,
no. 150 (March/April 1985), p. 52.

CHAPTER FIVE

1. John Gray,
False Dawn: The Delusions of
Global Capitalism
(London, 2002), p. 12.

2. Marx and Engels,
Selected Correspondence
(Moscow, 1965), p. 417.

3. Theodor W. Adorno,
Negative Dialectics
(London, 1966), p. 320.

4. Jean-Jacques
Rousseau,
A
Discourse on Inequality
(London, 1984),

p. 122.

5. John Elliot
Cairnes, ''Mr Comte and Political Economy,''
Fortnightly Review
(May 1870).

6. W. E. H. Lecky,
Political and Historical Essays
(London, 1908), p. 11.

7. Arthur Friedman
(ed.),
Collected Works of Oliver Goldsmith
(Oxford, 1966), vol. 2, p. 338.

8. For an excellent
discussion of this point, see Peter Osborne,
Marx
(London, 2005), Ch. 3.

9. Marx,
Theories of Surplus Value
(London, 1972), p. 202.

10. Marx,
Economic and Philosophical
Manuscripts of 1844,
in
Selected Works of Marx and Engels
(New York, 1972).

11. Marx,
Grundrisse
(Harmondsworth, 1973), pp. 110—11.

12. Marx,
Capital
(New York, 1967), vol. 1, p. 85.

CHAPTER SIX

1. Etienne Balibar,
The Philosophy of Marx
(London, 1995), p. 2.

2. Quoted in Alfred
Schmidt,
The
Concept of Nature in Marx
(London, 1971), p. 24.

3. Ibid., p. 26.

4. Ibid., p. 25.

5. Jürgen Habermas,
Knowledge and Human Interests
(Oxford, 1987),

p. 35.

6. Marx and Engels,
The German Ideology
(London, 1974), p. 151.

7. See Alex
Callinicos,
The Revolutionary Ideas of Karl Marx
(London and Sydney, 1983), p. 31.

8. Marx and Engels,
The German Ideology,
p. 51.

9. A phrase which does
not of course mean ''to raise too many questions.'' Readers who think it does
are referred to the
Oxford English Dictionary.

10. John Macmurray,
The Self as Agent
(London, 1957), p. 101.

11. Quoted by Jon
Elster,
Making Sense of Marx
(Cambridge, 1985),

p.
⁶
4.

12. For two
interesting studies of the relations between the two thinkers, see David
Rubinstein,
Marx and Wittgenstein: Knowledge, Morality and Politics
(London, 1981), and G. Kitching and
Nigel Pleasants (eds.),
Marx and Wittgenstein
(London, 2006).

13. Marx and Engels,
The German Ideology,
p. 47.

14. In his
Notes on Wagner,
Marx speaks in strikingly Freudian
terms of human beings first distinguishing objects in the world in terms of
pain and pleasure, and then learning to distinguish which of them satisfy needs
and which do not. Knowledge, as with Nietzsche, begins as a form of mastery
over these objects. It is thus associated by both Marx and Nietzsche with
power.

15. William Empson,
Some Versions of Pastoral
(London, 1966), p. 114.

16. Theodor Adorno,
Prisms
(London, 1967), p. 260.

17. Hannah Arendt
(ed.),
Walter
Benjamin: Illuminations
(London, 1973X pp.
²
5
^6-
57.

18. Marx, Preface to
A Contribution to the Critique
of Political Economy,
in
Marx and Engels: Selected Works
(London, 1968), p. 182.

19. G. A. Cohen,
History, Labour and Freedom
(Oxford, 1988), p. 178.

20. See S. H. Rigby,
Engels and the Formation of
Marxism
(Manchester, i99
²
X p.
²
33.

21. For an excellent
biography of Marx, see Francis Wheen,
Karl Marx
(London, 1999).

22. See Max Beer,
Fifty Years of International
Socialism
(London, 1935), p. 74. I am grateful to Marc Mulholland for this reference.

23. Quoted in Tom
Bottomore (ed.),
Interpretations of Marx
(Oxford, i9
⁸⁸
X p.
²
75.

CHAPTER SEVEN

1. Perry Anderson,
The Origins of Postmodernity
(London, 1998),

p. 85.

2. See Mike Davis,
Planet of Slums
(London, 2006), p. 25.

3. Marx,
Contribution to the Critique of
Hegel's Philosophy of Right,
in
Marx and Engels: Selected Works
(London, 1968), p. 219.

4. Quoted in Leo
Panitch and Colin Leys (eds.),
The Socialist Register
(New York, 1998), p. 68.

5. I have drawn for
the account which follows on (among other sources) Alex Callinicos and Chris
Harman,
The
Changing Working Class
(London and Melbourne, 1987); Lindsey German,
A Question of Class
(London, 1996); and Chris Harman,
''The Workers of the World,''
International Socialism,
no. 96 (autumn, 2002).

6. Jules Townshend,
The Politics of Marxism
(London and New York, i996), p.
237.

7. Quoted by Tom
Bottomore (ed.),
Interpretations of Marx
(Oxford, 1968), p. 19.

8. John Gray,
False Dawn: The Delusions of
Global Capitalism
(London, 2002), p. iii.

9. Chris Harman, ''The
Workers of the World.'' For a contrary case about the working class, see G. A.
Cohen,
If
You're an Egalitarian, How Come You're So Rich?
(London, 2000).

10. See Perry Anderson,
New Left Review,
no. 48 (November/December 2007), p.
29.

11. For the
enlightenment of readers unfamiliar with British upper-class crime, Lord Lucan
is or was an English aristocrat who is alleged to have murdered his au pair and
who disappeared without trace some decades ago.

12. A point made by
Slavoj ZiZek in
In Defense of Lost Causes
(London, 2008), p. 425. For a superb account of
today's slums, see Mike Davis,
Planet of Slums
(London, 2006).

CHAPTER EIGHT

1. Isaac Deutscher,
Stalin
(Harmondsworth, 1968), p. 173.

2. G. K. Chesterton,
Orthodoxy
(New York, 1946), p. 83.

3. In the militant
1970s, the purity of a socialist's beliefs was sometimes assessed by his or her
answer to such questions as ''Would you use the bourgeois law courts if your
partner was murdered?'' or '''Would you write for the bourgeois press?'' The
true purists or ultraleftists, however, were those who were able to return an
unequivocal No to the question ''Would you call the bourgeois fire brigade?''

4. Quoted in
Christopher Hill,
God's Englishman: Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution
(London, 1990), p. 137.

CHAPTER NINE

1. Jacques Rancière,
Dis-agreement
(Minneapolis, 1999), p.113.

2. Marx,
The Civil War in France
(New York, 1972), p. 213.

3. Quoted in Tom
Bottomore,
Interpretations of Marx
(Oxford, 1988),

p. 286.

CHAPTER TEN

1. For a flavour of these
debates, see Juliet Mitchell,
Women's Estate
(Harmondsworth, 1971); S. Rowbotham, L. Segal and H.
Wainwright,
Beyond the Fragments
(Newcastle and London, 1979); L. Sargent (ed.),
Women and Revolution
(Montreal, 1981); and Michèle
Barrett,
Women's Oppression Today
(revised edition, London, 1986).

2. Robert J. C. Young,
Postcolonialism: An Historical
Introduction
(Oxford,
2001), pp. 372—73.

3. Ibid., p. 142.

4. Michèle Barrett, in
T. Bottomore (ed.),
A Dictionary of Marxist Thought
(Oxford, 1983), p. 190.