When Computers Were Human (63 page)

19
. Galton, “Regression towards Mediocrity in Hereditary Stature,” p. 255.

20
. Galton, “Kinship and Correlation.”

21
. Pearson, “Walter Frank Raphael Weldon,” pp. 14, 24, 25.

22
. Ibid., p. 18.

23
. Ibid.

24
. Porter,
Karl Pearson
, p. 3.

25
. Haldane, “Karl Pearson”; Pearl, “Karl Pearson.”

26
. Porter,
Karl Pearson
, p. 12.

27
. Walkowitz, “Science, Feminism, and Romance.”

28
. Pearson, “Walter Frank Raphael Weldon,” p. 18.

29
. Pearson, “Mathematical Contributions to the Theory of Evolution.”

30
. Pearson to Foster, “Draper's Company Grant,” November 26, 1904, in Pearson, E., “Karl Pearson.”

31
. Pearson, “Cooperative Investigations on Plants.”

32
. Magnello, “The Non-correlation of Biometrics and Eugenics.”

33
. Pearson, “Cooperative Investigations on Plants.” (1902).

34
. Love, “Alice in Eugenics-Land.”

35
. Alice Lee to Pearson, December 1, 1895, and June 14, 1897, PEARSON, 01135, quoted ibid.

36
. Love, “Alice in Eugenics-Land.”

37
. Pearson,
Life, Letters and Labour of Francis Galton
, vol. 3, p. 359.

38
. Love, “Alice in Eugenics-Land.”

39
. Karl Pearson to Simon Newcomb, June 26, 1903, NEWCOMB.

40
. Pearson, E., “An Appreciation of Some Aspects” (1938).

41
. Pearson, K., “The Scope of
Biometrika
” (1901).

42
. Karl Pearson to Beatrice Cave, November 25, 1907, 01137/1, PEARSON, University College London, quoted in Love, “Alice in Eugenics-Land.”

43
. Frances Cave-Browne-Cave, unsigned obituary, CBC.

44
. Soper et al., “On the Distribution of the Correlation Coefficient”; Cave and Pearson, “Numerical Illustrations of the Variate Difference Correlation Method.”

45
. Frances Cave-Browne-Cave, unsigned obituary, CBC; Biographical Information forms for Frances and Beatrice Cave-Browne-Cave, GIRTON.

46
. Cole,
Growing Up into Revolution
.

47
. Cave-Brown-Cave and Pearson, “On the Correlation between the Barometric Height.”

48
. Cave-Brown-Cave, F., “On the Influence of the Time Factor on the Correlation.”

49
.
Pearson, K., “On the Laws of Inheritance in Man,” p. 136.

50
. Pearson, E., “Karl Pearson,” p. 199.

51
.
Journal of Wilhamina Paton Fleming
, entry of March 4, 1900.

52
. The bombing occurred on February 15, 1894; Taylor, “Propaganda by Deed—The Greenwich Observatory Bomb of 1894.”

53
. Quoted in Meadows,
Greenwich Observatory
, p. 14.

54
. Taylor, “Propaganda by Deed—The Greenwich Observatory Bomb of 1894.”

55
. Conrad,
The Secret Agent
, chapter 2.

56
. “Computers” (an announcement of the computing exam for 1906), December 19, 1905, OBSERVATORY-NARA; for vacancies, see Almanac and Observatory rosters for 1890–1905, OBSERVATORY-NARA.

57
. “From the Unpopular Side.”

58
. Newcomb,
The Reminiscences of an Astronomer
, p. 223.

59
. Henry Meier to Simon Newcomb, August 9, 1884, ALMANAC.

60
. Newcomb,
The Reminiscences of an Astronomer
, pp. 223–24.

61
. “Nautical Almanac Investigation.”

62
. See “Scientists at Sword's Points.”

63
. “Nautical Almanac Office Moved.”

64
. Karl Pearson to Simon Newcomb, May 26, 1899, NEWCOMB.

65
. Karl Pearson to Simon Newcomb, June 26, 1903, NEWCOMB.

66
. Newcomb, “Abstract Science in America” (1876), p. 88; Simon Newcomb to Secretary of Carnegie Institution of Washington, May 12, 1906, 653/2, PEARSON.

67
. Simon Newcomb to Secretary of Carnegie Institution of Washington, May 12, 1906, 653/2, PEARSON.

68
. Newcomb, “The work of the Carnegie Institution,” NEWCOMB.

69
. Memo of Simon Newcomb, 1904, NEWCOMB.

70
. H. H. Turner to Simon Newcomb, November 25, 1903, 653/2, PEARSON.

71
. Simon Newcomb to Karl Pearson, November 21, 1904, 773/7, PEARSON.

72
. Memo to Simon Newcomb, January 2, 1905, NEWCOMB.

73
. Pearson, E., “An Appreciation of Some Aspects.”

74
. Ibid.

75
. Kevles,
In the Name of Eugenics
, p. 34.

76
. Pearson, E., “An Appreciation of Some Aspects.”

C
HAPTER
E
IGHT

B
REAKING FROM THE
E
LLIPSE

1
. Crommelin, “Note on the Approaching Return of Halley's Comet” (1906).

2
. Ibid.

3
. Ibid.

4
. Report of the Astronomer Royal to the Board of Visitors of the Royal Observatory for 1906.

5
. Employee Roster for 1910, box 10, ALMANAC.

6
. Cowell and Crommelin,
The Return of Halley's Comet in 1910
, p. 11.

7
. Ibid.

8
.
Ibid.

9
. Ibid.

10
. Twain,
Works
.

11
. “Comet's Poisonous Tail,”
New York Times
, February 8, 1910, p. 1.

12
. Cowell and Crommelin,
The Return of Halley's Comet in 1910
, p. 11.

13
. Whittaker and Robinson,
The Calculus of Observations
, p. v.

14
. Erdélyi, “Edmund T. Whittaker.”

15
. Gibbs,
A Course in Interpolation
, pp. 1–2.

16
. Whittaker and Robinson,
The Calculus of Observations
, p. v.

17
. Kline,
Mathematical Thought
, p. 710.

18
. Croarken, Early Scientific Computing in Britain, p. 25; Davis,
Tables of Higher Mathematical Functions
, vol. 1, p. 3.

C
HAPTER
N
INE

C
APTAINS OF
A
CADEME

1
. Karl Pearson to L. Gregory, February 23, 1916, 600, PEARSON.

2
. Ibid.

3
. Ibid.

4
. Ibid.

5
. Adelaide Davin to Karl Pearson, September 9, 1915, 674/9, PEARSON.

6
. Karl Pearson, manuscript dated July 6, 1920, PEARSON.

7
. Karl Pearson to L. Gregory, February 23, 1916, 600, PEARSON.

8
. See correspondence between A. H. Webb and Karl Pearson, June–July 1916, 602, PEARSON.

9
. McShane et al.,
Exterior Ballistics
, p. 758.

10
. Ibid., p. 778.

11
. Di Scala,
Italy: From Revolution to Republic
, p. 121.

12
. Siacci, “Rational and Practical Ballistics.”

13
. Bliss,
Mathematics for Exterior Ballistics
, p. 28; U.S. Army,
Ballisticians in War and Peace
, p. 3; Zabecki,
Steel Wind
, p. 13.

14
. McShane et al.,
Exterior Ballistics
, p. 783.

15
. Bliss,
Mathematics for Exterior Ballistics
, p. 28.

16
. Littlewood,
Collected Papers of J. E. Littlewood
, p. xxx.

17
. Beatrice Cave-Browne-Cave to Karl Pearson, August 20, 1916, 606, PEARSON.

18
. Beatrice Cave-Browne-Cave to Karl Pearson, July 21, 1916, 606, PEARSON.

19
. Adelaide Davin to Karl Pearson, August 20, 1915, 674, PEARSON.

20
. See correspondence between Kristina Smith and Karl Pearson, 1917, 857/6, PEARSON; Smith did research computation for Pearson during this period.

21
. Karl Pearson to A. V. Hill, February 15, 1917, 606, PEARSON.

22
. Karl Pearson to B. M. Cave, September 29, 1916, 909/8, PEARSON.

23
. A. V. Hill to Karl Pearson, December 12, 1916, 606, PEARSON.

24
. Mrs. Cain to Karl Pearson, March 30, 1917, 606, PEARSON.

25
. Wimperis to Karl Pearson, August 23, 1916, 606; Huie to Karl Pearson,
March 7, 1917, 603; Douglas to Karl Pearson, July 7, 1917, 606; Hill to Karl Pearson, March 15, 1918, 606, PEARSON.

26
. A. E. Moore to Pearson, September 25, 1917, 606, PEARSON.

27
. Herbert W. Richmond to Karl Pearson, October 4, 1917, 606, PEARSON.

28
. Herbert W. Richmond to Karl Pearson, October 7, 1917, 606, PEARSON.

29
. A. V. Hill to Karl Pearson, October 1917, 606, PEARSON.

30
. Herbert W. Richmond to Karl Pearson, October 7, 1917, 606, PEARSON.

31
. Fowler to Karl Pearson, November 17, 1917, 606, PEARSON.

32
. Pearson as summarized by A. V. Hill to Karl Pearson, December 28, 1917, 606, PEARSON.

33
. A. E. Moore to Karl Pearson, April 10, 1918, 606b, PEARSON.

34
. Kristina Smith to Karl Pearson, March 26, 1918, 209, PEARSON.

35
. Mills, W.,
Road to War
, p. 210.

36
. Ernest Hemingway to his parents, October 18, 1918, in Villard and Nagel,
Hemingway in Love and War
, pp. 186–87.

37
. Collins,
Princeton in the World War
, pp. xii–xiv.

38
. Christman,
Sailors, Scientists and Rockets
, p. 18.

39
. Moulton,
History of the Ballistics Branch
, p. 2; Oswald Veblen Diaries, March 23, 1917, VEBLEN.

40
. E. H. Moore to Oswald Veblen, January 4, 1918, VEBLEN.

41
. Service Record of Oswald Veblen, Records of Ordnance Officers, 1915–1919, vol. 6, ORDNANCE.

42
. Crowell,
America's Munitions: 1917–1918
, pp. 548, 550.

43
. History of Proving Grounds, Reports, Histories and Guides, E 522, ORDNANCE.

44
. E. H. Moore to Oswald Veblen, January 4, 1918, VEBLEN.

45
. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Technical Report 84, p. 1.

46
. McShane et al.,
Exterior Ballistics
, p. 234.

47
. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Technical Report 12, p. 2 (Veblen presumed author).

48
. Oswald Veblen 1918 Diary, VEBLEN; Aberdeen Proving Ground, Technical Report 12, p. 1.

49
.
American Men of Science
, 5th ed., New York, Science Press, 1933, p. 937.

50
. Farebrother,
Memoir on the Life of Myrrick Doolittle
; “Myrrick Haskell/Doolittle,”
Washington Evening Star
; Coast Survey Annual Report for 1911.

51
. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Technical Report 12, p. 2.

52
. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Technical Report 84, p. 1.

53
. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Annual Report for 1919, Appendix 37, p. 13, ORDNANCE.

54
. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Technical Report 84, pp. 3, 1.

55
. Moulton,
History of the Ballistics Branch
, p. 71.

56
. Order of March 1, 1918, Circular Orders of the Aberdeen Proving Ground, ORDNANCE.

57
. John W. Langley, Member of Congress from Kentucky, quoted in Stevens,
Jailed for Freedom
, p. 135.

58
. “Boston Woman Is Rated Insurance Expert Deluxe.”

59
. Dos Passos,
42nd Parallel
, p. 137.

60
.
Moulton,
History of the Ballistics Branch
, pp. 2–8.

61
. Ibid., pp. 35–38.

62
. Dunham Jackson, undated note (probably 1940s), WILSON PAPERS.

63
. Moulton,
History of the Ballistics Branch
, pp. 6–7.

64
. Ibid., p. 6.

65
. Oswald Veblen Diaries, August 23, 1918, VEBLEN.

66
. Wiener,
Ex-Prodigy
, p. 254.

67
. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Technical Report 12, p. 2.

68
. Moulton,
History of the Ballistics Branch
, p. 50.

69
. Ibid., p. ii.

70
. “Boston Woman Is Rated Insurance Expert Deluxe.”

71
. Wiener,
Ex-Prodigy
, p. 257.

72
. Masani,
Norbert Wiener, 1894–1964
, p. 68.

73
. Wiener,
Ex-Prodigy
, p. 258.

74
. Fussell,
The Great War
, p. 161.

75
. Richardson,
Weather Prediction by Numerical Process
, p. 219.

76
. Ibid., p. vii.

77
. Ibid., p. ix.

78
. Ibid., p. 219.

79
. Ibid.

80
. Ibid., pp. 219–20.

C
HAPTER
T
EN

W
AR
P
RODUCTION

1
. Crowell,
America's Munitions
, p. 16.

2
. Cortada,
Before the Computer
, p. 81.

3
. Pugh,
Building IBM
, p. 14.

4
. Benedict, “Development of Agricultural Statistics in the Bureau of the Census.”

5
. Pugh,
Building IBM
, pp. 26–27.

6
. Cortada,
Before the Computer
, pp. 80–81.

7
. Pearl and Burger, “Retail Prices.”