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16
. Ibid.

17
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Endocr Rev
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18
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Can Med Assoc J
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19
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Nutr Metab
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20
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21
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22
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Ann Intern Med
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23
. Samaha FF, Iqbal N, Seshadri P et al. A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity.
N Engl J Med
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24
. Gannon MC, Nuttall FQ. Effect of a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet on blood glucose control in people with type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes
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25
. Stern et al.
Ann Intern Med
2004;140:778-85.

26
. Boden G, Sargrad K, Homko C et al. Effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on appetite, blood glucose levels and insulin resistance in obese patients with type 2 diabetes.
Ann Intern Med
2005;142:403-11.

27
. Ventura A, Neri E, Ughi C et al. Gluten-dependent diabetes-related and thyroid related autoantibodies in patients with celiac disease.
J Pediatr
2000;137:263-5.

28
. Vehik K, Hamman RF, Lezotte D et al. Increasing incidence of type 1 diabetes in 0- to 17-year-old Colorado youth.
Diabetes Care
2007 Mar;30(3):503-9.

29
. DIAMOND Project Group. Incidence and trends of childhood type 1 diabetes worldwide 1990-1999.
Diabet Med
2006 Aug;23(8):857-66.

30
. Hansen D, Bennedbaek FN, Hansen LK et al. High prevalence of coeliac disease in Danish children with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Acta Paediatr
2001 Nov;90(11):1238-43.

31
. Barera G, Bonfanti R, Viscsrdi M et al. Occurrence of celiac disease after onset of type 1 diabetes: A 6-year prospective longitudinal study.
Pediatrics
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32
. Ibid.

33
. Funda DP, Kaas A, Bock T et al. Gluten-free diet prevents diabetes in NOD mice.
Diabetes Metab Res Rev
1999;15:323-7.

34
. Maurano F, Mazzarella G, Luongo D et al. Small intestinal enteropathy in non-obese diabetic mice fed a diet containing wheat.
Diabetologia
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35
. Westman EC, Yancy WS, Mavropoulos JC et al. The effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-glycemic index diet on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Nutr Metab
2008 Dec 9;5:36.

CHAPTER 8

1
. Wyshak G. Teenaged girls, carbonated beverage consumption, and bone fractures.
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med
2000 Jun;154(6):610-3.

2
. Remer T, Manz F. Potential renal acid load of foods and its influence on urine pH.
J Am Diet Assoc
1995;95:791-7.

3
. Alexy U, Remer T, Manz F et al. Long-term protein intake and dietary potential renal acid load are associated with bone modeling and remodeling at the proximal radius in healthy children.
Am J Clin Nutr
2005 Nov;82(5):1107-14.

4
. Sebastian A, Frassetto LA, Sellmeyer DE et al. Estimation of the net acid load of the diet of ancestral preagricultural
Homo sapiens
and their hominid ancestors.
Am J Clin Nutr
2002;76:1308-16.

5
. Kurtz I, Maher T, Hulter HN et al. Effect of diet on plasma acid-base composition in normal humans.
Kidney Int
1983;24:670-80.

6
. Frassetto L, Morris RC, Sellmeyer DE et al. Diet, evolution and aging.
Eur J Nutr
2001;40:200-13.

7
. Ibid.

8
. Frassetto LA, Todd KM, Morris RC Jr, Sebastian A. Worldwide incidence of hip fracture in elderly women: relation to consumption of animal and vegetable foods.
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci
2000;55:M585-92.

9
. Van Staa TP, Dennison EM, Leufkens HG et al. Epidemiology of fractures in England and Wales.
Bone
2001;29:517-22.

10
. Grady D, Rubin SM, Petitti DB et al. Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausal women.
Ann Intern Med
1992;117:1016-37.

11
. Dennison E, Mohamed MA, Cooper C. Epidemiology of osteoporosis.
Rheum Dis Clin N Am
2006;32:617-29.

12
. Berger C, Langsetmo L, Joseph L et al. Change in bone mineral density as a function of age in women and men and association with the use of antiresorptive agents. CMAJ 2008;178:1660-8.

13
. Massey LK. Dietary animal and plant protein and human bone health: a whole foods approach.
J Nutr
133:862S-5S.

14
. Sebastian et al.
Am J Clin Nutr
2002;76:1308-16.

15
. Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW Vidgen E et al. Effect of high vegetable protein diets on urinary calcium loss in middle-aged men and women.
Eur J Clin Nutr
2003 Feb;57(2):376-82.

16
. Sebastian et al.
Am J Clin Nutr
2002;76:1308-16.

17
. Denton D.
The Hunger for Salt.
New York:Springer-Verlag, 1962.

18
. Sebastian et al.
Am J Clin Nutr
2002;76:1308-16.

19
. American Association of Orthopedic Surgeons. Facts on Hip Replacements, at
http://www.aaos.org/research/stats/Hip_Facts.pdf
.

20
. Sacks JJ, Luo YH, Helmick CG. Prevalence of specific types of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the ambulatory health care system in the United States, 2001-2005.
Arthr Care Res
2010 Apr;62(4):460-4.

21
. Katz JD, Agrawal S, Velasquez M. Getting to the heart of the matter: osteoarthritis takes its place as part of the metabolic syndrome.
Curr Opin Rheumatol
2010 June 28. [Epub ahead of print]

22
. Dumond H, Presle N, Terlain B et al. Evidence for a key role of leptin in osteoarthritis.
Arthr Rheum
2003 Nov;48(11):3118-29.

23
. Wang Y, Simpson JA, Wluka AE et al. Relationship between body adiposity measures and risk of primary knee and hip replacement for osteoarthritis: a prospective cohort study.
Arthr Res Ther
2009;11:R31.

24
. Toda Y, Toda T, Takemura S et al. Change in body fat, but not body weight or metabolic correlates of obesity, is related to symptomatic relief of obese patients with knee osteoarthritis after a weight control program.
J Rheumatol
1998 Nov;25(11):2181-6.

25
. Christensen R, Astrup A, Bliddal H et al. Weight loss: the treatment of choice for knee osteoarthritis? A randomized trial.
Osteoarthr Cart
2005 Jan;13(1):20-7.

26
. Anderson AS, Loeser RF. Why is osteoarthritis an age-related disease?
Best Prac Res Clin Rheum
2010;24:15-26.

27
. Meyer D, Stavropolous S, Diamond B et al. Osteoporosis in a North American adult population with celiac disease.
Am J Gastroenterol
2001;96:112-9.

28
. Mazure R, Vazquez H, Gonzalez D et al. Bone mineral affection in asymptomatic adult patients with celiac disease.
Am J Gastroenterol
1994 Dec;89(12):2130-4.

29
. Stenson WF, Newberry R, Lorenz R et al. Increased prevalence of celiac disease and need for routine screening among patients with osteoporosis.
Arch Intern Med
2005 Feb 28;165(4):393-9.

30
. Bianchi ML, Bardella MT. Bone in celiac disease.
Osteoporos Int
2008;19:1705-16.

31
. Fritzsch J, Hennicke G, Tannapfel A. Ten fractures in 21 years.
Unfallchirurg
2005 Nov;108(11):994-7.

32
. Vasquez H, Mazure R, Gonzalez D et al. Risk of fractures in celiac disease patients: a cross-sectional, case-control study.
Am J Gastroenterol
2000 Jan;95(1):183-9.

33
. Lindh E, Ljunghall S, Larsson K, Lavö B. Screening for antibodies against gliadin in patients with osteoporosis.
J Int Med
1992;231:403-6.

34
. Hafström I, Ringertz B, Spångberg A et al. A vegan diet free of gluten improves the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis: the effects on arthritis correlate with a reduction in antibodies to food antigens.
Rheumatol
2001;1175-9.

CHAPTER 9

1
. Bengmark S. Advanced glycation and lipoxidation end products—amplifiers of inflammation: The role of food.
J Parent Enter Nutr
2007 Sept-Oct;31(5):430-40.

2
. Uribarri J, Cai W, Peppa M et al. Circulating glycotoxins and dietary advanced glycation endproducts: Two links to inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and aging.
J Gerontol
2007 Apr;62A:427-33.

3
. Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC). Design, implementation, and preliminary results of a long-term follow-up of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial cohort.
Diabetes Care
1999 Jan;22(1):99-111.

4
. Kilhovd BK, Giardino I, Torjesen PA et al. increased serum levels of the specific AGE-compound methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Metabolism
1003;52:163-7.

5
. Goh S, Cooper ME. The role of advanced glycation end products in progression and complications of diabetes.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab
2008;93:1143-52.

6
. Uribarri J, Tuttle KR. Advanced glycation end products and nephrotoxicity of high-protein diets.
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol
2006;1:1293-9.

7
. Bucala R, Makita Z, Vega G et al. Modification of low density lipoprotein by advanced glycation end products contributes to the dyslipidemia of diabetes and renal insufficiency.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
1994;91:9441-5.

8
. Stitt AW, He C, Friedman S et al. Elevated AGE-modified Apo B in sera of euglycemic, normolipidemic patients with atherosclerosis: relationship to tissue AGEs.
Mol Med
1997;3:617-27.

9
. Moreira PI, Smith MA, Zhu X et al. Oxidative stress and neurodegeneration.
Ann NY Acad Sci
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10
. Nicolls MR. The clinical and biological relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer’s disease.
Curr Alzheimer Res
2004;1:47-54.

11
. Monnier VM, Battista O, Kenny D et al. Skin collagen glycation, glycoxidation, and crosslinking are lower in subjects with long-term intensive versus conventional therapy of type 1 diabetes: Relevance of glycated collagen products versus HbA1c as markers of diabetic complications. DCCT Skin Collagen Ancillary Study Group. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial.
Diabetes
1999;48:870-80.

12
. Bengmark.
J Parent Enter Nutr
2007 Sept-Oct;31(5):430-40.

13
. Seftel AD, Vaziri ND, Ni Z et al. Advanced glycation end products in human penis: elevation in diabetic tissue, site of deposition, and possible effect through iNOS or eNOS.
Urology
1997;50:1016-26.

14
. Stitt AW. Advanced glycation: an important pathological event in diabetic and age related ocular disease.
Br J Ophthalmol
2001;85:746-53.

15
. Uribarri.
J Gerontol
2007 Apr;62A:427-33.

16
. Vlassara H, Cai W, Crandall J et al. Inflammatory mediators are induced by dietary glycotoxins, a major risk for complications of diabetic angiopathy.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
2002;99:15596-601.

17
. Negrean M, Stirban A, Stratmann B et al. Effects of low- and high-advanced glycation endproduct meals on macro- and microvascular endothelial function and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Am J Clin Nutr
2007;85:1236-43.

18
. Goh et al.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab
2008;93:1143-52.

19
. American Diabetes Association, at
http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/diabetes-statistics
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20
. Sakai M, Oimomi M, Kasuga M. Experimental studies on the role of fructose in the development of diabetic complications.
Kobe J Med Sci
2002;48(5):125-36.

21
. Goldberg T, Cai W, Peppa M et al. Advanced glycoxidation end products in commonly consumed foods.
J Am Diet Assoc
2004;104:1287-91.

22
. Negrean et al.
Am J Clin Nutr
2007;85:1236-43.

23
. Sarwar N, Aspelund T, Eiriksdottir G et al. Markers of dysglycaemia and risk of coronary heart disease in people without diabetes: Reykjavik prospective study and systematic review.
PLos Med
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24
. International Expert Committee. International Expert Committee report on the role of the HbA1c assay in the diagnosis of diabetes.
Diabetes Care
2009; 32:1327-44.

25
. Khaw KT, Wareham N, Luben R et al. Glycated haemoglobin, diabetes, and mortality in men in Norfolk cohort of European Prospective Investigation of Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Norfolk).
Brit Med J
2001 Jan 6;322(7277):15-8.