What's Wrong With Fat? (44 page)

29. Jeanne M. Ferrante et al., “Colorectal Cancer Screening among Obese Versus Non-
obese Patients in Primary Care Practices,”
Cancer Detection and Prevention Journal
30, no. 5 (2006): 459–65 ; Puhl and Heuer, “The Stigma of Obesity”; Moonseong
Heo, David B. Allison, and Kevin R. Fontaine, “Overweight, Obesity, and Colorectal
Cancer Screening: Disparity between Men and Women,”
BMC Public Health
4
(2004): 53 ; Truls Ostbye et al., “Associations between Obesity and Receipt of
Screening Mammography, Papanicolaou Tests, and Influenza Vaccination: Results
from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and the Asset and Health Dynamics
among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) Study,”
American Journal of Public Health
95, no.
9 (2005): 1623–30 ; Christa Meisinger, Margit Heier, and Hannelore Loewel, “The
Relationship between Body Weight and Health Care among German Women,”
Obesity Research
23, no. 9 (2004): 1473–80 ; Allison B. Rosen and Eric C. Schneider,
“Colorectal Cancer Screening Disparities Related to Obesity and Gender,”
Journal
of General Internal Medicine
19, no. 4 (2004): 332–38 ; Christina C. Wee et al.,
“Screening for Cervical and Breast Cancer: Is Obesity an Unrecognized Barrier to
Preventive Care?”
Annals of Internal Medicine
132, no. 9 (2000): 697–704 ; Christina
C. Wee et al., “Obesity and Breast Cancer Screening: The Influence of Race, Illness
Burden, and Other Factors,”
Journal of General Internal Medicine
19, no. 4 (2004):
324–31 ; Christina C. Wee, Russell S. Phillips, and Ellen P. McCarthy, “BMI and
Cervical Cancer Screening among White, African American, and Hispanic Women
in the United States,”
Obesity Research
13, no. 7 (2005): 1275–80 ; Rebecca S.
Mitchell et al., “Cancer Screening among the Overweight and Obese in Canada,”
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
35, no. 2 (2008): 127–32.

30. C. A. Drury and M. Louis, “Exploring the Association between Body Weight,
Stigma of Obesity, and Health Care Avoidance,”
Journal of the American Academy of
Nurse Practitioners
14, no. 12 (2002): 554–60.

31. Wee et al., “Screening for Cervical and Breast Cancer?”

32. N. K. Amy et al., “Barriers to Routine Gynecological Cancer Screening for White
and African-American Obese Women,”
International Journal of Obesity
30 (2006):
147–55 ; Puhl and Heuer, “The Stigma of Obesity.”

33. R. L. Thompson and D. E. Thomas, “A Cross-Sectional Survey of the Opinions on
Weight Loss Treatments of Adult Obese Patients Attending a Dietetic Clinic,”
International Journal of Obesity
24, no. 2 (2000): 164–70.

34. Anna Kirkland, “Think of the Hippopotamus: Rights Consciousness in the Fat
Acceptance Movement,”
Law and Society Review
42, no. 2 (2008): 397–431.

35. Rachel P. Wildman et al., “The Obese without Cardiometabolic Risk Factor
Clustering and the Normal Weight with Cardiometabolic Risk Factor Clustering,”
Archives of Internal Medicine
168, no. 15 (d): 1617–24. People with none or one of
the six abnormalities were considered healthy; those with two or more were con
sidered to have an abnormal cardiometabolic profile.

36. Gruys, “Day 257: Does the CDC Care about Eating Disorders?”

37. J. Eric Oliver,
Fat Politics: Th
e Real Story behind America’s Obesity Epidemic
(New
York: Oxford University Press, 2005).

38. Nicholas A. Christakis and James H. Fowler, “The Spread of Obesity in a Large
Social Network over 32 Years,”
New England Journal of Medicine
357, no. 4 (2007):
370 –79.

39. Miranda Hitti, “Is Obesity Contagious? Research Shows You’re More Likely to
Gain Weight If Your Family and Friends Become Obese,”
CBSNews
, June 25,
2007.

40. Gina Pace, “Obesity Bigger Threat Than Terrorism?”
CBSNews
, March 1, 2006.

41. Charlotte Biltekoff, “The Terror Within: Obesity in Post 9/11 U.S. Life,”
American
Studies
48, no. 3 (2007): 29–48.

42. Ibid., 33; See also Sander L. Gilman,
Fat: A Cultural History of Obesity
(Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2008).

43. George Lakoff,
Th
e Political Mind: Why You Can’t Understand
21
st-Century American
Politics with an
18
th-Century Brain
(New York: Viking, 2008).

44. Amy Erdman Farrell,
Fat Shame: Stigma and the Fat Body in American Culture
(New
York: New York University Press, 2011).

45. Michael Lasalandra, “Doctors Say Losing Weight Is Emphasized Too Heavily,”
Boston Herald
, January 1, 1998.

46. Reed Abelson, “The Smoker’s Surcharge,”
New York Times
, November 16, 2011.

47. Ben Forer, “Arizona Governor Proposes Revamping Medicaid Program,”
ABCNews
,
April 2, 2011.

48. Anemona Hartocollis, “New York Asks to Bar Use of Food Stamps to Buy Sodas,”
New York Times
, October 6, 2010.

49. Friedrich Schorb, “Fat Politics in Europe: Theorizing on the Premises and
Outcomes of European Anti ‘Obesity-Epidemic’ Policies,”
Fat Studies: An
Interdisciplinary Journal of Body Weight and Society
1, no. 2 (forthcoming).

50. Colleen L. Barry et al., “Obesity Metaphors: How Beliefs about the Causes of
Obesity Aff ect Support for Public Policy,”
Milbank Quarterly
87, no. 1 (2009):
7–47.

51. Lauren Cox, “Scottish Courts Briefly Take Obese Mother’s Newborn Child,”
ABCNews.com
, October 27, 2009.

52. Ibid.

53. Jill Sherman, “Fat Children ‘Should Be Taken from Parents’ to Curb Obesity
Epidemic: Council Warning to Parents Guilty of Neglect,”
Sunday Times
, August
16, 2008.

54. Ibid.

55. Lauren Cox, “Courts Charge Mother of 555-Pound Boy: A Mother Facing Felony
Charges for Her Son’s Obesity,”
ABCNews.com
, June 29, 2009.

56. Ibid.

57. Ibid.

58. Dorothy Roberts,
Killing the Black Body
(New York: Vintage, 1998).

59. Lisa Belkin, “Watching Her Weight,”
New York Times
, July 8, 2001.

60. Joe Eaton, “The Battle over Heavy T.,”
Washington City Paper
, September 26,
2007.

61. Roberts,
Killing the Black Body
; Doris Witt,
Black Hunger: Food and the Politics of
U.S. Identity
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).

62. Rogan Kersh, “The Politics of Obesity: A Current Assessment and Look Ahead,”
Milbank Quarterly
87, no. 1 (2009): 295–316.

63. Barry et al., “Obesity Metaphors.”

64. Guthman,
Weighing In
.

65. Henri Bergeron, Patrick Castel, and Abigail C. Saguy, “Instrument-Driven Frames
The Case of Obesity in the United States and France” (paper presented at annual
meetings of the Center for European Studies, Barcelona, Spain, June 20, 2011).

66. Guthman,
Weighing In
.

67. Ibid.

68. Pierre Bourdieu,
Language and Symbolic Power
, ed. John Thompson, trans. Gino
Raymond and Matthew Adamson, 5th ed. (New York: Polity Press, 1999).

69. Guthman,
Weighing In
.

70. Peter Conrad and Joseph W. Schneider,
Deviance and Medicalization: From Badness
to Sickness
(Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1992).

71. Ibid.

72. Jeffery Sobal, “The Medicalization and Demedicalization of Obesity,” in
Eating
Agendas
, ed. Jeffery Sobal and Donna Maurer (New York: Aldine de Gruyter,
1995), 84 (emphasis added).

73. Crandall, “Prejudice against Fat People: Ideology and Self-Interest.”

74. William DeJong, “The Stigma of Obesity: The Consequences of Naïve Assumptions
Concerning the Causes of Physical Deviance,”
Journal of Health and Social Behavior
21 (1980): 75–87. Such interventions have been far and few between, however,
and their results inconsistent. See Sigrun Daníelsdóttira, Kerry S. O’Brien, and
Anna Ciao, “Anti-fat Prejudice Reduction: A Review of Published Studies,”
Obesity
Facts
3(2010): 47–58.

75. Jeffrey Friedman, “A War on Obesity, Not the Obese,”
Science
299, no. 5608
(2003): 858.

76. This difference is statistically significant at p<0.05, meaning that there is less than
5 percent chance that it is due to sampling error.

77. Steven Epstein,
Impure science: AIDS, Activism, and the Politics of Knowledge
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996), 347–48.

78. Ibid. Abigail C. Saguy and Kevin W. Riley, “Weighing Both Sides: Morality,
Mortality and Framing Contests over Obesity,”
Journal of Health Politics, Policy,
and Law
30, no. 5 (2005): 869–921.

79. Linda M. Blum and Estye R. Fenton, “Mothering with Neuroscience in a Neoliberal
Age: Child Disorders in Precarious Times” (unpublished manuscript, 2012).

80. Joan B. Wolf,
Is Breast Best? Taking on the Breastfeeding Experts and the New High
Stakes of Motherhood
(New York: New York University Press, 2010) ; Elizabeth
Armstrong,
Conceiving Risk, Bearing Responsibility: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and the
Diagnosis of Moral Disorder
(Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press,
2003) ; Dorothy Roberts, “The Social Immorality of Health in the Gene Age:
Race, Disability, and Inequality,” in
Against Health: How Health Became the New
Morality
, ed. Jonathan M. Metzl and Anna Kirkland (New York: New York
University Press, 2010).

81. Erving Goff man,
Stigma: Notes on the Management of a Spoiled Identity
(New York:
Prentice-Hall, 1963).

82. See also C. Wang, “Cultural Meaning and Disability: Injury Prevention Campaigns
and the Production of Stigma,”
Social Science and Medicine
35(1992): 1092–102.

83. Talcott Parsons,
Th
e Social System
(New York: Free Press, 1951).

84. Saguy and Riley, “Weighing Both Sides.” National Task Force on the Prevention
and Treatment of Obesity, “Medical Care for Obese Patients: Advice for Health
Care Professionals,”
American Family Physician
65, no. 1 (2002) ; NIH, “Medical
Care for Obese Patients,” (NIH, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 2003); NIH,
“Active at Any Size,” (NIHNIDDK, 2001).

85. Http://www.sfgov3.org/index.aspx?page = 760.

86. San Francisco Board of Supervisors, “Resolution Establishing a Multi-Disciplinary Task
Force on Childhood Nutrition and Physical Activity,” San Francisco Board of Supervisors,
2003, http://www.sfgov3.org/Modules/ShowDocument.aspx?documentid=238.

87. Ulysses Torassa, “Persons of Heft Protest Health Club’s Ad: Rip Billboard Saying
Space Aliens Would Gobble Up Fat Folks,”
Th
e Examiner
, February 16, 1999.

88. Ibid.

89. Ibid.

CHAPTER 6

1. Emma Gray, “Georgia Anti-Obesity Ads Say ‘Stop Sugarcoating’ Childhood
Obesity,” in
Th
e Huffi
ngton Post,
January 3, 2012.

2. S. Jay Olshansky et al., “A Potential Decline in Life Expectancy in the United
States in the 21st Century,”
Th
e New England Journal of Medicine
352, no. 11
(2005): 1138–45 ; Wayt Gibbs, “Obesity: An Overblown Epidemic?”
Scientific
American
, June 2005, 72–77.

3. Carrie Teegardin, “Grim Childhood Obesity Ads Stir Critics,”
Th
e Atlanta Journal-
Constitution
, January 1, 2012.

4. Ibid.

5. Lynn Gerber,
Seeking the Straight and Narrow
(Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 2011).

6. Robert L. Spitzer, “The Diagnostic Status of Homosexuality in
DSM-III:
A Reformulation
of the Issues,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
138, no. 2 (1981): 210–15.

7. Ragen Chastain, “Dances with Fat: Health Comes in All Shapes and Sizes,” http://
danceswithfat.wordpress.com/blog/.

8. Dorothy Roberts, “The Social Immorality of Health in the Gene Age: Race,
Disability, and Inequality,” in
Against Health: How Health Became the New Morality
,
ed. Jonathan M. Metzl and Anna Kirkland (New York and London: New York
University Press, 2010) ; Susan Wendell,
Th
e Rejected Body: Feminist Philosophical
Reflections on Disability
(New York: Routledge, 1996).