We Saw Spain Die (69 page)

2
   
Washington Post,
14 September 1936;
Syracuse Herald,
14 September 1936.

3
   Gorrell to Wendelin, US Embassy, 5 October; Ziffren log, 5 October 1936; diary entry 22 September 1936, Ziffren, ‘Diary of a Civil War Correspondent’ (all Lester Ziffren papers). I am indebted to David Wurtzel, who provided me with copies of these documents. On Ziffren, see David Wurtzel, ‘Lester Ziffren and the Road to War in Spain’,
International Journal of Iberian Studies,
vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 73–83.

4
   
News Chronicle,
27 October;
Washington Post,
25, 28 October 1936. The story about rebel courtesy was published in the American provincial press, see for example
Sheboygan Press,
28 October 1936. Denis Weaver, ‘Through the Enemy’s Lines’, in Frank C. Hanighen (ed.),
Nothing but Danger
(New York: National Travel Club, 1939), pp. 101–15; A Journalist,
Foreign Journalists under Franco’s Terror
(London: United Editorial, 1937), p. 16; James M. Minifie,
Expatriate
(Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1976), pp. 70–5; Hull to Bowers, 28 October 1936,
Foreign Relations of the United States 1936,
vol. II (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1954), p. 748; Bowers,
My Mission,
pp. 325–6.

5
   Lester Ziffren, ‘The Correspondent in Spain’,
Public Opinion Quarterly,
vol. 1, no. 3, July 1937, p. 113.

6
   Jan H. Yindrich, ‘Seen from a Skyscraper’, in Hanighen,
Nothing but Danger,
pp. 145–50, 156–9; Josephine Herbst,
The Starched Blue Sky of Spain and Other Memoirs
(New York: HarperCollins, 1991), pp. 134–5; Arturo Barea,
The Forging of a Rebel
(London: Davis-Poynter, 1972), pp. 603, 655; Keith Scott Watson,
Single to Spain
(London: Arthur Barker, 1937), pp. 158–60.

7
   Ziffren, diary entry, 18 September 1936; Lester Ziffren, ‘The Correspondent in Spain’,
Public Opinion Quarterly,
vol. 1, no. 3, July 1937, p. 114.

8
   Julio Álvarez del Vayo,
The Last Optimist
(London: Putnam, 1950), pp. 41–4, 53–66, 111–23.

9
   Ziffren, diary entry, 18 September 1936; Sefton Delmer,
Trail Sinister. An Autobiography
(London: Secker & Warburg, 1961), p. 290.

10
  Spanish diary, manuscript, pp. 53–4, Louis Fischer Papers, Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University (henceforth Fischer Papers).

11
  Ziffren, ‘The Correspondent’, pp. 113–14.

12
  Spanish diary, manuscript, p. 95, Fischer Papers.

13
  Mijail Koltsov,
Diario de la guerra de España
(Paris: Ruedo Ibérico, 1963), p. 93.

14
  Ziffren, ‘The Correspondent’, p. 112.

15
  Jan Kurzke and Kate Mangan, ‘The Good Comrade’, pp. 104–6 (unpublished ms, Jan Kurzke Papers, Archives of the International Institute for Social History, Amsterdam).

16
  Lester Ziffren, ‘I Lived in Madrid’,
Current History,
April 1937, pp. 35–6.

17
  Louis Fischer, Spanish diary, manuscript, p. 90, Fischer Papers.

18
  Henry Buckley,
Life and Death of the Spanish Republic
(London: Hamish Hamilton, 1940), p. 269; Delmer,
Trail Sinister,
pp. 287–8.

19
  Geoffrey Cox, taped interview, Imperial War Museum, Sound Archive, Spanish Civil War Collection, 10059/4; Geoffrey Cox,
Eyewitness. A Memoir of Europe in the 1930s
(Dunedin: University of Otago Press, 1999), pp. 203–5; Sir Geoffrey Cox interview with author, 2006.

20
  Cox,
Eyewitness,
pp. 205, 213; Cox interview.

21
  Cox,
Eyewitness,
pp. 211–12; Delmer,
Trail Sinister,
p. 289.

22
  Barea,
The Forging,
pp. 569–70, 573–4.

23
  H. Edward Knoblaugh,
Correspondent in Spain
(London and New York: Sheed & Ward, 1937), p. 135; Virginia Cowles,
Looking for Trouble
(London: Hamish Hamilton, 1941), p. 24; Barea,
The Forging,
p. 577.

24
  Herbert L. Matthews,
The Education of a Correspondent
(New York: Harcourt Brace, 1946), p. 119; Vincent Sheean,
Not Peace but a Sword
(New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1939), p. 79.

25
  Barea,
The Forging,
pp. 581–7.

26
  Knoblaugh,
Correspondent,
pp. 145–6.

27
  Delmer,
Trail Sinister,
pp. 290–3; Cox,
Eyewitness,
p. 215.

28
  Barea,
The Forging,
p. 628.

29
  Cox,
Eyewitness,
pp. 215–16. The book was
Defence of Madrid
(London: Victor Gollancz, 1937).

30
  Claude Bowers,
My Mission to Spain
(London: Victor Gollancz, 1954), p. 320.

31
  Frances Davis,
My Shadow in the Sun
(New York: Carrick & Evans, 1940), p. 163.

32
  Harold G. Cardozo,
The March of a Nation
(London: The Right Book Club, 1937), p. 179.

33
  Buckley,
Life and Death,
pp. 261–3; Cox,
Eyewitness,
p. 219; ‘Street Fighting’,
News Chronicle,
9 November 1936.

34
  Barea,
The Forging,
pp. 588–96. On Koltsov’s relationship with Álvarez del Vayo and the Office of War Commissars, see the chapter ‘Stalin’s Eyes and Ears in Madrid? The Rise and Fall of Mikhail Koltsov’.

35
  Barea,
The Forging,
pp. 596–8.

36
  Barea,
The Forging,
pp. 597–9.

37
  Barea,
The Forging,
pp. 598–9; Yindrich, ‘Seen from a Skyscraper’, p. 151.

38
  Delmer,
Trail Sinister,
p. 296; Barea,
The Forging,
pp. 601–5, 615–17, 640.

39
  Michael Eaude,
Arturo Barea. Triunfo en la medianoche del siglo
(Mérida: Editora Regional de Extremadura, 2001), pp. 243–9; Barea,
The Forging,
pp. 603–12.

40
  Louis Delaprée, ‘Une visite au “front de Babel” avec la brigade internationale’,
Paris-Soir,
24 November 1936; Barbro Alving, ‘Utlandsbrigaden har vänt bladet’,
Dagens Nyheter,
9 December 1936; Herbert Matthews, ‘Free Lances of Madrid’,
New York Times Magazine,
3 January 1937; Louis Fischer, ‘Spain’s “Red” Foreign Legion’, ‘Madrid’s Foreign Defenders’,
The Nation,
9 January, 4 September 1937.

41
  Koltsov,
Diario,
pp. 265, 269, 273; David Wingeate Pike,
Les français et la guerre d’Espagne 1936–1939
(Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1975), p. 39; Barea,
The Forging,
p. 632; Cox,
Defence of Madrid,
pp. 203–6; Delmer,
Trail Sinister,
pp. 269, 275, 322–6; Louis Delaprée,
Le martyre de Madrid. Témoinages inédits de Louis Delaprée
(Madrid: No publisher, 1937), pp. 46–7.

42
  
Paris-Soir,
19 November 1936; Delaprée,
Le martyre,
pp. 11–15.

43
  On Rubio Hidalgo’s tortuous relations with both Arturo and Ilsa, see
The Forging,
pp. 626, 631–9, 682–6, 693–5.

44
  Burnett Bolloten to Arturo Barea, 10 June; Arturo Barea to Bolloten, 21 June; Ilsa Barea to Bolloten, 22 June 1950 (Bolloten Collection, Box 10, Folder 7, Hoover Institution, Stanford University); Barea,
The Forging,
pp. 640–2.

45
  On the meeting with Dos Passos, p. 665; John Dos Passos, ‘Room and Bath at the Hotel Florida’,
Esquire,
January 1938, also reprinted in
Journeys Between Wars
(New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1938), pp. 364–74; Barea,
The Forging,
p. 665.

46
  Barea,
The Forging,
p. 684. On Rosario del Olmo, see Geoffrey Brereton,
Inside Spain
(London: Quality Press, 1938), pp. 36–8. See also Jay Allen to Carlos Baker, 6 March 1963, Jay Allen Papers.

47
  Francis McCullagh,
In Franco’s Spain
(London: Burns, Oates & Washbourne, 1937), pp. 108–9.

48
  Fischer,
Men and Politics,
pp. 242–5.

49
  Babette Gross,
Willi Münzenburg. A Political Biography
(East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 1974), p. 272.

50
  For sympathetic portraits of Katz, see Arthur Koestler,
The Invisible Writing,
2nd edn (London: Hutchinson, 1969), pp. 255–8, 400; Claud Cockburn,
A Discord of Trumpets
(New York: Simon + Schuster, 1956), pp. 305–9. For a splenetically hostile one, see Stephen Koch,
Double Lives. Spies and Writers in the Secret Soviet War of Ideas against the West
(New York: The Free Press, 1994), pp. 74ff. On the creation of the Agence Espagne, see Gross,
Münzenberg,
pp. 311–12.

51
  Cockburn,
A Discord,
p. 306. The book,
Prince Hubertus Friedrich of Loewenstein, a Catholic in Republican Spain
(London: Victor Gollancz, 1937), was an objective examination of the Republic’s policy towards the Church once Manuel Irujo became Minister of Justice.

52
  Barea,
The Forging,
p. 661; Gustav Regler, entry for 17 April 1937, ‘Civil War Diary’ (Southworth Papers), p. 24.

53
  Fischer,
Men and Politics,
p. 430; Gross,
Münzenburg,
p. 312.

54
  Koestler,
The Invisible Writing,
p. 409.

55
  Constancia de la Mora,
In Place of Splendor. The Autobiography of a Spanish Woman
(New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1939), pp. 289, 291–2; Kurzke and Mangan, ‘The Good Comrade’, pp. 298, 300, 303, 309; Lawrence Fernsworth,
Spain’s Struggle for Freedom
(Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1957), pp. 200–39.

56
  Gustav Regler,
The Owl of Minerva
(London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1959), p. 274.

57
  Martha Gellhorn, ‘Memory’,
London Review of Books,
12 December 1996, p. 3.

58
  Regler,
The Owl,
p. 284.

59
  Herbert L. Matthews,
The Education of a Correspondent
(New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1946), pp. 3–22; Herbert L. Matthews,
A World in Revolution: A Newspaperman’s Memoir
(New York: Charles Scribner, 1972), pp. 54–69.

60
  Herbert Matthews, ‘Italians Foresee Stand by Seyoum’,
New York Times,
26 October 1935; Matthews,
Education of a Correspondent,
pp. 28–9;
Herbert L. Matthews,
Two Wars and More to Come
(New York: Carrick & Evans, 1938), p. 18.

61
  Matthews,
Education of a Correspondent,
pp. 62–3.

62
  Matthews,
Two Wars,
pp. 18, 185.

63
  Matthews,
The Education of a Correspondent,
pp. 67–8.

64
  Sheean,
Not Peace but a Sword,
p. 199.

65
  Cox,
Defence of Madrid,
p. 208; Geoffrey Cox taped interview, Imperial War Museum, Sound Archive, Spanish Civil War Collection, 13161/3/2.

66
  Vernon Bartlett,
This is My Life
(London: Chatto & Windus, 1938), pp. 300–1.

67
  Delmer,
Trail Sinister,
p. 299.

68
  Arthur Koestler,
Spanish Testament
(London: Victor Gollancz, 1937), p. 177.

69
  Matthews,
Two Wars,
pp. 281–2; Matthews,
The Education of a Correspondent,
p. 95; Dos Passos,
Journeys,
p. 369; Carlos Baker,
Ernest Hemingway. A Life Story
(London: Collins, 1969), pp. 370–1.

70
  John Dos Passos,
Century’s Ebb: The Thirteenth Chronicle
(Boston, MA: Gambit, 1975), pp. 89–90; Jason Gurney,
Crusade in Spain
(London: Faber & Faber, 1974), p. 145.

71
  Delmer,
Trail Sinister,
pp. 315–16.

72
  Gellhorn interview with Peter Wyden,
The Passionate War. The Narrative History of the Spanish Civil War
(New York: Simon + Schuster, 1983), p. 321; Herbst,
The Starched Blue Sky,
p. 138; Dos Passos,
Century’s Ebb,
p. 83.

73
  Anne Sebba,
Battling for News. The Rise of the Woman Reporter
(London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1994), pp. 93–7; Herbst,
The Starched Blue Sky,
pp. 169–70.

74
  Cowles,
Looking for Trouble,
pp. 16–22.

75
  Herbst,
The Starched Blue Sky,
pp. 136–7, 152–3; Roman Karmen,
¡No pasarán!
(Moscow: Editorial Progreso, 1976), pp. 303–4, 326. Franklin appears as ‘Cookie’ in the autobiographical novel, Dos Passos,
Century’s Ebb,
p. 37.

76
  Ilya Ehrenburg,
Eve of War 1933–1941
(London: MacGibbon & Kee, 1963), pp. 153–4. It is possible to put a date on this incident thanks to Gustav Regler, ‘Civil War Diary’, p. 59.

77
  Gellhorn, ‘Memory’, p. 3.

78
  Cowles,
Looking for Trouble,
pp. 23, 35–7; Matthews,
The Education of a Correspondent,
p. 122; Regler, entry for 3–6 April 1937, ‘Civil War Diary’, p. 64; Cedric Salter,
Try-out in Spain
(New York: Harper Brothers, 1943), pp. 108–11; Delmer,
Trail Sinister,
p. 316.

79
  Kitty Bowler, ‘Memoirs’,
Chapter 9
, p. 8, LHCMA, Wintringham papers, 1, Folder 3; Viscount Churchill,
All My Sins Remembered
(London: William Heinemann, 1964), p. 171.

80
  Patricia Cockburn,
The Years of the Week
(London: MacDonald, 1968), pp. 202–5; Frank Pitcairn,
Reporter in Spain
(London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1936), pp. 26–9, 55–6, 103–38. For a highly critical account of Cockburn’s sectarianism, see Kurzke and Mangan, ‘The Good Comrade’, pp. 274–8.