Warning

Sophie Cunningham has worked variously as an editor, publisher and journalist since
1989. She was editor of
Meanjin
from 2008 to 2010 and until recently was Chair of
the Literature Board of the Australia Council. She is the author of
Melbourne
(2010)
and the novels
Geography
(2004) and
Bird
(2008).

textpublishing.com.au

The Text Publishing Company
Swann House
22 William Street
Melbourne Victoria 3000
Australia

Copyright © 2014 by Sophie Cunningham

The moral right of Sophie Cunningham to be identified as the author of this work
has been asserted.

All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright above, no part of
this publication shall be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise), without the prior permission of both the copyright owner
and the publisher of this book.

First published in 2014 by The Text Publishing Company

Cover and page design by W. H. Chong
Typeset in Granjon 12/16 by J & M Typesetting
Map by Guy Holt
Index by Richard McGregor
Cover photo by Barry John Wise, Darkie Wise Collection, Northern Territory Library.

This book is dedicated to all those who went through Cyclone Tracy and the wild times
thereafter.

CONTENTS

Map

Prologue

The Emergency

Warning

Disappeared

Uncertain Light of Dawn

The Missing and the Dead

Does Anybody Know This Has Happened to Us?

We Will Get You All Out

Fault Lines

Tracy, You Bitch

Daribah Nungalinya

The Wild North

The Shooting of the Dogs

Winds of Change

I've Got to Have My Trips

1975

I Wasn't Worrying About Bloody History. I Was Worrying About the Day

I Make This Place as I Go

The Shape Memory Takes

Acknowledgments

Notes

Sources

PROLOGUE

IT'S A steamy tropical night. The sky is glowing slightly, an eerie green. There
is lightning all around and the wind is wild. Bernard Briec is only ten and has lived
in Darwin for five years; Colleen D'Arcy is forty-three and has been in the Territory
for thirty. They are singing together in the St Mary's Cathedral choir, to celebrate
midnight mass on Christmas Eve.

This is a modern church, built in 1962 using white stone carved from local cliffs.
It has the light-filled simplicity typical of tropical churches and there are louvres
set high among the eaves. Bernard and Colleen find they are having to sing louder
than usual this evening, straining to make their voices heard over the shriek of
the wind, the pelting rain, the restless congregation.

Colleen nearly didn't make it into the church at all. The wind buffeting her VW Beetle
made it almost impossible to open, then close, its doors once she arrived. Bernard
was already there, standing at the back. Too small to see over the balcony, he could
still tell things were amiss. Soon the power went out and the organ fell silent.
There were gasps and murmurs, but the choir kept singing. Nuns moved quickly to fetch
candles. The flickering flames were pretty, adding to the atmosphere, but the wind
kept blowing them out. Then there was the crash of the high louvres exploding, the
tinkle of glass falling to the ground. Bishop O'Loughlin, who'd become increasingly
unsure about the wisdom of holding mass at all, rapidly wound things up. ‘Go home,'
he said, ‘and look after yourselves.' Another priest, Ted Collins, left the church
but was soon forced to take shelter in St John's College, where he made a recording
of the wind, the wild scraping of corrugated iron. St Mary's survived the night (so
did the tape), but its sister cathedral, Christ Church, was reduced to rubble less
than an hour after midnight mass was called to a close. All that was left of that
stone church, which dated from 1917, was a porch.

Getting home was no easy task. Colleen headed off in her Beetle, while Bernard, who
was with family and friends, took off in a convoy of cars that headed for Myilly
Point just down the road. This was where most senior public servants lived, high
on the cliffs in houses on stilts that looked out over the Arafura Sea. The group
stopped briefly, so a friend could nick into his house to grab a camera, but getting
in and out of the house seemed to take him forever. It also took a very long time
to drive the ten kilometres to the suburb of Moil because the rain was so heavy Bernard's
dad couldn't see out the windscreen. He steered by hugging the gutter the whole way,
hitting it lightly from time to time and allowing it to nudge him in the right direction.

It was very late when they got to the house where the party was. But they were celebrating
Christmas in the European style, and Christmas Eve was the big night, so the kids
ran around the house and everyone ate. The wind and rain got wilder all the while.
When things became so loud that it seemed time to find cover, everyone headed for
the bathroom: semi-regular cyclone warnings had emphasised that the smallest rooms
were the strongest. When they opened the bathroom door, they saw a wall of the bathroom
had vanished. Their host assured them that the garage he'd just built was safe, so
that's where they tried next. They opened the door to the garage to find that, too,
had blown away.

My childhood in Melbourne was defined, in part, by the build-up to Christmas Day
and the long summers that followed it. But I can't remember much of what actually
happened most Christmas Days and I certainly can't remember what I was doing on Christmas
Eve 1974. I was the same age as Bernard Briec, which means a bit too old to want
to catch Santa in the act, but young enough to feel the thrill of impending presents.
I know my parents would have tried to get me to bed early to compensate somehow for
the fact I'd be waking at dawn. I would have been in my bed for several hours by
the time Bernard squeezed under a bed with four women and numerous children in an
attempt to stay safe—unable to move at all because they were so tightly squeezed
together that if he rolled, he'd squash the baby that was jammed up against him.
The rain was coming in everywhere, then he heard men shouting, ‘The roof is gone,'
and one of the boys under the bed with him started yelling, ‘We're all going to die.'
The sound of the thunder was constant, the sky was roaring.

While my mum and dad were drinking a claret or three and wrapping our presents, Bernard's
dad probably watched what Bernard reckons must have been half of Darwin flying overhead.
But he doesn't know, he'll never know, because his father won't talk about it. For
twenty years (it was twenty years later that Bernard told his tale) his father wouldn't
speak of what happened that night. It was, Bernard said to Francis Good, the man
who interviewed him in 1994, the longest night of his life.

It wasn't till dawn—around the time I was jumping on my parents to wake them up—that
Bernard was allowed to crawl out from under the bed. When he saw what remained of
Darwin it seemed as if a nuclear blast had hit the city. He thought everyone other
than his family and friends must be dead. He thought his world had ended.

Now this I can remember, as clearly as if it were yesterday: on Boxing Day 1974,
which was my eleventh birthday, I walked down the driveway of my suburban Melbourne
home to pick up the paper. The
Age
, tightly rolled to get it in the mail slot, took
a minute or so to open out. Once I'd managed it, I stood trying to make sense of
the photo before me: an image, from almost four thousand kilometres to the north,
of flattened piles of rubble and twisted pieces of corrugated iron.

That photo has haunted me to such an extent that here I am, writing this book, almost
forty years later. I can't tell you why it shocked me so deeply, but it was to do
with Cyclone Tracy hitting at Christmas—
Christmas
—and all those kids missing out
on their toys. It was also to do with the realisation that a city could do what Darwin
did. It could disappear overnight.

But despite the powerful effect that image had on me, when I returned to those newspapers—on
microfiche, in Victoria's State Library—some thirty-eight years later, I found that
my recollection was incorrect. The cover of the
Age
that Boxing Day was not a photo
but an illustration of a map of Australia with a satellite photo laid over it, so
we could see Cyclone Tracy's dense swirls hovering off Australia's northern coast.
The photo that I remember was on the cover of the
Age
two days later, on Saturday
28 December 1974. Memory is a slippery thing.

These are the bare bones of it: around midnight on Christmas Eve, 1974, a cyclone
hit Darwin. Around seventy-one people died, hundreds more were injured and seventy
per cent of the homes of Darwin's 47,000 inhabitants were laid waste. That left only
five hundred residences habitable out of some twelve thousand. Every single public
building was destroyed or seriously damaged. While the loss of life was limited,
the material damage was unparalleled. The population of Darwin endured winds that
some believe reached three hundred kilometres per hour. In the week after Tracy,
close to thirty thousand people were airlifted out of the ruined town in what remains
Australia's biggest evacuation effort. Many of them never returned. The damage bill
has been estimated at between 800 million and 1.3 billion dollars, which is the equivalent
of 6.1 billion
¹
today. This, set against the town's relatively small population means
it still ranks as one of the world's most costly disasters.

The damage was contained, comprehensive and explicitly material: Tracy wiped out
a city. Perhaps this is why it has become Australia's most iconic catastrophe, even
if not its worst. When floodwaters swamped the Queensland town of Grantham on 10
January 2011, Tracy was the first point of reference. The late Paul Lockyer, the
ABC journalist who arrived in the town the morning after the deluge hit, stood in
the rain surrounded by swirling water and debris and said:

My best parallel comparison would be Cyclone Tracy 1974. The houses here are better
built than they were in Darwin but this wall of water that's come down from Toowoomba
and lightning just striking over me now is, had caused, there's some thunder, has
caused as much damage as Cyclone Tracy did to that community I can tell you…And a
bit like Cyclone Tracy when day dawned on Christmas Day in 1975 [sic] we waited for
the worst and that's what's going to happen here, I fear.
²

*

I don't know exactly what I expected to find on the second floor of a fairly drab
green brick building in Cavenagh Street, Darwin, when I arrived back in the dry season
of 2011. That is where the Northern Territory Archives lived back then, and I was
running late for my appointment with an archivist. Parking in the centre of Darwin
was nightmarish but parking a long way away means you turn up for meetings red-faced
and sweaty. Françoise Barr, the archivist who I was to meet, was elegance itself.
A French woman who's lived in Darwin for some thirty-four years, she had the job
of helping me trawl through all the listings and to figure out where I could start.
She sat me down at the computer and off I went.

There were dozens of government reports, of personal collections of photos and clippings.
Boxes piled high could have been (and were) brought to me on a trolley for weeks
on end. There were hundreds of oral histories and I started ordering them up in impossible
numbers. I read people like Richard Creswick, Hedley Beare, Bill Wilson and Curly
Nixon, I met Colleen D'Arcy and Bernard Briec. These people, who now feel like friends,
brought the cyclone and all that followed alive for me. Although I also interviewed
many people myself, most of the interviews within these pages come from these archives.
My debt to all the interview participants, and to the Northern Territory Archives,
is immense.

It was towards the end of that first visit that Françoise suggested I look at the
Commissioner of Police reports written by officers about their personal experiences.
These reports had been commissioned in case there were questions about the ability
of the police to do their work in the days and weeks that followed. And it was there,
in the plain, blunt, unemotional language of men like Detective Sergeant Thomas Baker,
that I really got a sense of what it might have been like for the people of Darwin.
These reports, unadorned and uncrafted, had cyclonic force.

On opening the bathroom door, I saw that the roof was off that part of the house
and when I opened the door the ceiling of the room also disappeared; we then went
to the toilet which was next door to the bathroom and as I opened the door, I saw
the outside wall of the toilet disappear; I then went to the main bedroom of the
house and saw that the outside wall had disappeared and that the side walls of the
room were moving under the pressure of the wind…My wife and I attempted to hold the
bathroom and toilet doors shut and we placed our two children between our bodies
to protect them.
³

And that, in short, is what happened. People confronted an unimaginable force of
nature with only their bodies to protect themselves and their children. Everything
else: roofs, furniture, walls, birds, trees, gardens, meaning.

All that disappeared.

Notions of apocalypse have nagged away at me for years, exacerbated, perhaps, by
a three-month trip to Sri Lanka soon after the Southeast Asian tsunami of 2004. Sri
Lanka's ancient cities Polonnaruwa and Anuradhapura have long given mute testimony
that cities can indeed rise then disappear; and of course I was surrounded by more
recent signs of devastation. There was much talk about the fact that people who lived
by the beach but had only moved there recently hadn't known how to read the signs:
hadn't known that the moment when the sea collapsed back in on itself, leaving beaches
bare and sea life floundering, was when they should run. Instead, racing down the
beach to gather up stranded fish, they ran into the mouth of the wave.

After the Black Saturday bushfires in Victoria back in 2009, these feelings became
even harder to shake. I reread
Tracy
, a book by Gary McKay published a few years
ago. I found myself talking to the mother of a friend about how, at nineteen, she'd
gone to Darwin for a holiday over Christmas in 1974 and ended up sheltering in the
wine cellar of the Victoria Hotel with a group of strangers; her sense of bewilderment
when she finally emerged. I sought out Neville Barwick for a conversation—Canberra
sent him to Darwin shortly after Tracy—and he described to me the way the buildings
rattled and rattled as the wind blew until they simply ‘unzipped'. I read a series
of articles written by Tony Clifton, essays that described Darwin as the broken-jaw
capital of the world, a spoilt and rotten place. I read Adrian Hyland's
Kinglake-350
,
a book about those disastrous 2009 bushfires, in which he also wrote of the findings
of the 1939 commission into Black Friday. The way in which the lessons learned are
forgotten once the trauma has passed:

Sometimes, through sheer intelligence or perhaps because of the emotions generated
in a jurist who has peered into the abyss, there are flashes of wisdom. Justice Leonard
Stretton, who headed the 1939 Royal Commission, coined one such insight with the
comment: ‘They had not lived long enough.' He meant that his fellow Australians were
living in an environment into which they had not had time to evolve…More miles on
the clock we well may have, but our cultural awareness of the environment has not
kept pace. Some would argue that it is slipping backwards.
⁴