War: What is it good for? (86 page)

British Empire,
199
,
209
–
10
,
218
–
31
,
223
,
238
–
41
,
269
,
275
–
76
,
339
,
343
,
345
; Afghanistan and,
167
,
286
; in Africa,
220
,
232
,
247
; Chinese markets opened by,
218
–
19
,
224
; commerce of,
203
,
223
–
24
; firepower of,
220
–
21
; India in,
73
,
197
–
200
,
210
,
216
,
218
,
221
,
224
–
27
,
229
–
31
,
242
,
260
–
61
,
346
; League of Nations mandates for,
257
–
58
; Native populations decimated by,
219
–
20
,
226
–
27
; naval power of,
222
–
24
,
241
,
256
,
276

British Museum (London),
35

Britons, ancient,
8
,
28
,
29
,
32
,
35
–
36
,
46
,
49
,
112
–
14
,
122
,
396
n

broadswords,
29
,
31
,
160
; futuristic,
377

bronze: arms and armor,
82
,
92
,
96
,
98
–
99
,
142
,
158
–
59
,
336
; firearms,
169
–
70
; improvements in,
99
; invention of,
89
; iron as replacement for,
100
–
102
,
105
,
106
; Mesoamerican lack of,
156
,
159
; spread through Eurasia of,
158
–
59

Brooke, James,
167

Brunei, Sultan of,
167

bubonic plague,
170
,
196
,
220

Buchanan, James,
225

Buchenwald concentration camp,
278

Buchheit, Paul,
395
n

Buddhism,
71
,
139
,
140
,
151
,
168
,
323

buffer zones,
84
,
264

Bulgaria,
143
,
172
,
238
,
330

bureaucracies,
87
,
88
,
97
,
100
,
102
,
341
; Chinese,
140
,
184
–
85
; of Holy Roman Empire,
137
; impact of counterproductive war on,
135
,
139
–
40
; Parthian,
68
; piracy and,
180
; Roman,
43
,
45
–
46
; in United States,
285
; during World War I,
246
,
248

Burgundy,
172

Burke, Edmund,
198
,
200
–
202
,
229
–
30

Burlington, Earl of,
191

Burma,
115
,
167
,
170
,
260

Bush, George H. W.,
81
,
329
,
330

Bush, George W.,
349
,
350

BusinessWeek
,
357

Byzantine Empire,
131
,
136
,
139
,
172

Caereni,
27

Caesar, Julius,
35
,
36
,
38
,
39
,
45
,
47
,
78
–
80
,
84
,
91

caging,
80
–
81
,
104
,
111
,
122
,
147
–
54
,
265
,
301
; in Africa,
153
–
54
; and evolution in military affairs,
81
–
82
; in Mesoamerica,
159
–
61
; productive wars resulting from,
87
,
147
–
48
,
150
,
153
,
159
; and rise of
ancient empires,
104
; territoriality versus,
317
,
335
; violent death rates driven down by,
111
,
147
,
302

Cahokia,
161

Cajamarca (Peru),
193

Calcutta,
200
,
230

Caledonia,
27
–
29
,
31
–
32
,
40
,
112
,
395
n

Calgacus,
36
,
38
,
49
,
53
,
54
,
106
,
168
,
232
,
396
n
; at Graupian Mountain,
27
–
29
,
32
,
43
,
111
,
113
,
293
,
393

Calicut,
192
,
196
; Sultan of,
182

California, University of: Berkeley,
381
; Santa Barbara,
56

Caligula,
43
,
46

Cambodia,
282

Cambridge (England), 3,
4

Cameron, David,
225

Campaign to Stop Killer Robots,
373

Canada,
200
,
219
,
225
,
230
–
31
,
249
,
258
,
326
,
335

Cannae, Battle of,
106

cannons,
168
–
77
,
182
–
83
,
185
,
219
; shipboard,
167
,
180
–
81
,
188
–
89
,
192
,
218
,
221
–
22
;
see also
artillery Cape of Good Hope,
180
,
196

Cape Town (South Africa),
196
,
220
,
314

capitalism,
190
,
239
,
258
,
261
,
270
,
277
,
328
; in People's Republic of China,
358
,
391

Capone, Al,
58

Caporetto, Battle of,
253
,
254

caravels,
178
–
79
,
181

Carnatic War,
199
–
200

Carneiro, Robert,
79
–
80

Carnonacae,
27

carracks,
179
,
181
,
197

Carroll, Lewis,
84

Carthage,
37
,
104
,
105
,
110
,
264

casualties of war,
7
,
12
,
14
,
157
,
262
,
271
,
338
; civilian,
see
civilian casualties

catapults,
143
,
144

Catching Fire
(Wrangham),
308

Caucasus,
48
,
117
,
346

cavalry,
124
,
154
,
174
–
76
,
182
,
229
,
259
; of ancient empires,
102
,
105
–
109
,
112
,
118
–
22
,
123
,
126
,
141
,
142
; firearms and,
182
–
83
,
185
–
87
,
192
; of Greek city-states,
64
–
65
; in Middle Ages,
144
,
151
,
162
,
171
–
72
; nomad,
118
–
22
,
124
–
25
,
134
,
136
–
37
,
144
–
45
,
176
,
182
,
242
,
346

Ceauşescu, Nicolae,
330

Celtic tribes,
27
,
34
,
35

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA),
119

Ceuta, Battle of,
163
,
167
,
168
,
178
,
201

Chaco Phenomenon,
161

Chagnon, Napoleon,
54
–
58
,
60
,
290

Chaldiran, Battle of,
177

Chamberlain, Neville,
7
n

Chanakya,
see
Kautilya

Chandragupta, Mauryan king,
70
,
71
,
108

Chang'an (China),
69
,
72
,
106
,
109
,
115
,
118
,
133
,
141
,
336

Changping, Battle of,
105
–
106

chariots,
28
,
35
,
82
,
142
,
156
,
336
,
375
–
76
; in ancient empires,
94
–
102
,
95
,
104
–
107

Charlemagne,
136
–
37

Charles I, King of England,
206

Charles the Fat,
137

Charles VIII, King of France,
172
–
73

Chase, Kenneth,
176

Chavín de Huantar,
67

Chechnya,
330
,
363

chemical weapons,
284
,
377

Cheney, Dick,
351

Chengpu, Battle of,
105

Chernobyl disaster,
6
,
328

Chicago,
119
; University of,
273

Chichimecs,
160

Chickamauga Wars,
219

Chile,
224

Chimpanzee
(film),
318

chimpanzees,
288
–
93
,
290
,
293
,
298
–
310
,
315
,
317
–
18

China,
174
–
78
,
242
,
183
–
85
,
196
,
197
,
336
,
388
; ancient,
20
,
67
–
74
,
88
,
90
,
92
,
94
,
96
–
98
,
102
,
104
–
107
,
109
,
119
,
156
,
175
(see also
Han Empire; Qin Empire); civil war in,
227
,
279
; communist,
see
People's Republic of China; epidemics spread from,
127
; Japanese invasion of,
261
–
64
; Jin dynasty,
130
; in Middle Ages,
139
–
46
,
152
,
162
; Ming dynasty,
162
,
170
,
174
,
176
,
184
–
85
; nineteenth-century invasions of,
218
–
19
,
224
,
226
,
227
; prehistoric,
148
,
159
; Qing dynasty,
183
,
185
,
227
; reunification of,
130
–
31
,
140
; Russian Civil War intervention of,
258
; Shang dynasty,
97
; Song dynasty,
144
; Sui dynasty,
131
,
140
; weapons development in,
168
–
70
,
182

cholera,
220

Chongqing,
168

Christianity,
49
,
138
,
170
,
172
,
173
,
230
,
323
;
see also
Catholics

Churchill, Winston,
47
,
237
,
247
,
266
–
68
,
271
,
273
,
274

Cicero, Marcus Tullius,
33
–
36
,
38
,
41
,
49
,
62
,
111
,
168
,
229
,
232

Cicero, Quintus,
33
,
35

circumscription,
80
;
see also
caging

cities,
37
,
98
,
156
,
190
,
317
,
386
; African,
152
–
54
; of Fertile Crescent,
85
–
87
,
89
,
90
,
93
,
130
,
159
; fortification of,
38
,
72
,
86
–
89
,
88
,
170
,
176
; in Han China,
69
,
128
,
139
; imperialism and,
219
,
229
; of Indus Valley,
91
–
92
,
133
; of Mauryan Empire,
71
–
72
; Mesoamerican,
157
,
160
–
61
; migration of Chinese peasants to,
334
,
357
; Native American,
161
; nomad attacks on,
129
–
30
,
143
–
45
; nuclear threat to,
5
,
133
,
274
,
280
–
81
; of Roman Empire,
35
,
40
–
42
,
45
–
49
,
72
,
127
,
143
,
383
; violent deaths in,
59
,
151
,
332
; during World War I,
255
; during World War II,
7
,
267
,
271
,
273
,
370