Authors: Joshua Horwitz
War of the Whales (70 page)
and whale strandings,
see also specific sites
see also specific sites
Songs of the Humpback Whale,
225–26
225–26
SOSUS,
see
US Navy
see
US Navy
Sounding the Depths: The Rising Toll of Sonar, Shipping and Industrial Ocean Noise on Marine Life
(NRDC), 179–80
(NRDC), 179–80
Souter, David, 332, 338
Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Miami, 22, 72–73, 74, 122, 147
Southern California:
alternative arrangements for Navy in, 326
Exxon seismic surveys off coast of, 375n4
Marineland of the Pacific, 202
marine sanctuaries in, 116, 124, 321
offshore Navy training exercises, 321–25, 342, 352n
underwater Navy testing, 116–18, 122, 123–24
Southern Right-Whale Dolphin (
Lissodelphis peronii
), 283
Lissodelphis peronii
), 283
South Pacific, nuclear bomb tests in, 155, 227
Soviet Union:
and Cold War,
see
Cold War
see
Cold War
collapse of, 147, 242
and Cuban Missile Crisis, 50
dolphin research in, 235
marine mammals trained by, 379n5
Sputnik launched by, 205
submarines of, 46–47, 50–52, 143, 153–54
Sowerby’s Whale (
Mesoplodon bidens
),
136
Mesoplodon bidens
),
136
Spain, whales stranded off coast of, (2006), 308
Spallanzani, Lazzaro, 199
sperm whales:
(
Physeter catodon
),
100
Physeter catodon
),
100
brain weight of, 204
deep-diving, 28
ear anatomy of, 104–5
killed by whalers, 227, 344
migration of, 344
Navy threats to, 116
sonar sensitivity of, 372n13
stranded on Nantucket, 102–3
as toothed whales, 27
whale oil of, 226
Splash
(movie), 20
(movie), 20
Spong, Paul, 227–28
spotted owl defense, 117
Sputnik, 205
squid:
evolution of, 27
as food source for whales, 27–28
Stalin, Joseph, 46
Stevens, John Paul, 333, 342
Stevenson, Adlai E., 118
Stewart, Brent, 121, 124
Stewart, Jimmy, 95
Stone, Frank, 75–77, 122, 130, 131, 149, 174
Stone, Harlan F., 334
Strait of Hormuz, Navy action in, 114, 139
Stringfellow Acid Pits case (1980s), 330
submarines, 45–55
acoustic signatures of, 51–52
and active sonar, 46–47
antisubmarine exercises, 130–31, 275, 288
antisubmarine warfare, 17, 57, 143–44, 148, 154, 156, 160, 161, 174, 199
and climate change, 160
and Cold War, 17, 46–47, 52, 143, 153–54, 267, 364n5
dive depths of, 28
“hunter-killer” attack subs, 51–52
and nuclear missiles, 47, 49, 51
and passive sonar, 47
quiet attack subs, 148, 153–54
rogue, threat of, 148
in “Silent Service,” 55
snorkeling, 46
Soviet, 46–47, 50–52, 143, 153–54
sperm whale oil used in, 226
torpedo strikes, threat of, 148
US Navy, 45–55, 275–76
weaponry of, xvii-xviii, 47, 52, 57
worldwide navies, 148
supertankers, 179
Supreme Court, US:
amicus briefs submitted to, 331, 332–33
appeals to, 315, 327–28
conservative justices on, 330
decision of, 342–43
dissent in, 343
environmental cases decided by, 382n1
high drama of, 337
Korematsu v. United States,
334
334
legal precedent set in, 331, 343
and media stories, 331
and national security, 334
and Navy sonar case, 327–28
and negotiated settlement, 345–47
NRDC v. Winter,
328, 330–34, 336–40, 342–45
328, 330–34, 336–40, 342–45
oral arguments before, 332, 336–40
political rulings of, 345
and solicitor general, 328, 337–38
and Stringfellow Acid Pits case (1980s), 330
Sverdrup, Harald Ulrik, 370n4
Tanzania, attack on US embassy in, 271
tectonic plates, shifting of, 69
Telemundo, Mexico, 97
Texaco, 83
Thomas, Clarence, 332, 339
Three Mile Island, 85, 290
tiger sharks, 11, 64
Tilloo Cay, Navy destroyer at, 32–33
Titanic,
46
46
The Tonight Show,
226
226
toothed whales:
echolocation of, 46
evolution of, 27
strandings of, 68
Tors, Ivan, 207
Totenberg, Nina, 337, 340
Trident missile submarine base, 242
Truman, Harry S., 17
Tuffy (dolphin), 236
Tunney, John, 118
turtles, 222
Twiss, John, 162–63, 218
Tyack, Peter, 372n13, 374n17
and Acoustic Thermometry, 173
and LFA sonar, 175, 176, 288, 289, 297, 300, 374n17
and Magellan II, 173–74
and ONR, 175, 312
and whale tagging, 312–13
UC Santa Cruz, 15–16, 114, 133, 202, 240, 257
UN World Heritage Commission, 96
US Air Force:
dumping toxic waste, 330
man-in-space program, 234
US Army, Smithsonian contract with, 42, 364–65n2
US Coast Guard, 309
US Endangered Species Act (1973), 92, 172
US Energy Department, 157
US Fish and Wildlife Service, 41–42
US General Accounting Office, 171
US Navy:
and accountability, 125, 132, 134, 315, 343, 346
and Acoustic Thermometry, 164–69, 171–72, 173, 175, 373n14
Antisubmarine Warfare Division, 154, 156, 174
astronauts trained by, 234
and AUTEC, 19, 58, 107, 110, 140, 262–63
AWACS, 43–44
Balcomb’s service in, 33, 43–44, 45, 50–55, 131–32, 230
budget of, 74, 76, 147, 160, 164, 242
and
Cole
bombing, 271
Cole
bombing, 271
combat readiness in, 136, 138, 147–48
competing branches in, 136–38
and Congress, 74, 75, 76, 147, 160, 235, 307, 315, 320
and Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), 325–26
Criminal Investigative Service, 172–73
Deep Ops recovery, 236–38
destroyer at Tilloo Cay, 32–33
destroyer in Great Bahama Canyon, 33, 56–57, 58–59, 107, 132
dolphin work of, 16, 232–43, 286
and echolocation research, 199–200, 202
and environmental laws, 75–77, 114, 116, 122, 124, 125, 138, 140, 172, 249, 289, 302–3, 307, 316, 320–22, 326, 327, 331, 333, 343, 346
Environmental Readiness Office, 122, 138, 174, 317–18, 325
espionage within, 154, 242
evidence denied by, 253–54, 262–63, 284, 289, 309–10, 311
exemptions to legislation for, 307, 315, 319–20, 322, 347
explosives testing by, 351–52
flag officers of, 75
Fleet Command, 131, 136, 137, 140, 174
fleet exercises, 76
Fleet Sonar School, 44, 45
as giant deployment machine, 323–24
interim report released by (2001), 272–73, 283–85, 289–90, 300, 304
investigations funded by, 134
investigations obstructed by, 73, 98, 273, 304–5, 314
Keyhole spy satellites, 274–75
lawsuits against, 115–17, 121–25, 176, 242, 285;
see also
Low Frequency Active sonar; midfrequency sonar case
see also
Low Frequency Active sonar; midfrequency sonar case
“letter of cooperation” issued by, 267–68
Littoral Warfare Advanced Development, 98, 147
LSD research of, 207
and Magellan II, 169, 170–75
marine mammals “harassed or harmed” by, 116, 162, 320, 321, 322, 331, 338, 351, 372–73n13
and marine mammal strandings, 111–12, 130–32, 136–37, 153, 175–76, 182–83, 223, 230–31, 253–55, 283–85, 308, 309–11, 351
marine mammal training and research, 16–17, 123, 138, 209, 232–43, 235, 284, 286, 311
and MARMAM postings, 72–73, 253
merit system of, 43
and midfrequency sonar lawsuit, 317–18, 321–28, 330–31, 337–40, 342–43
mine-detection training, 236
mine-warfare range, 350
and national defense, 146, 172–73, 202, 242, 249, 286, 323
and national security, 117, 148, 174, 284, 288, 289, 300, 302, 303, 304, 305–6, 307, 318, 319–20, 323–24, 326, 331, 334
and NATO, 138
Naval Ordnance Test Station (NOTS), 233
nighttime exercises conducted by, 59
NRDC v. Winter,
328, 330–31, 337–40, 342–43, 345
328, 330–31, 337–40, 342–43, 345
Office of Environmental Readiness (N-45), 75–77, 130, 136, 318, 323, 324
ONR,
see
Office of Naval Research
see
Office of Naval Research
Pacific Fleet, 117, 319–21, 323, 381n1
pilot rescue systems of, 16, 49
political clout in, 74, 266, 285–86, 315, 345
and press conference (2000), 229, 252
public opposition to actions of, 116–17, 138–39, 149, 175–77, 183, 285, 286, 327, 352
and public relations, 116, 125, 146, 149, 230–31, 267–68, 273, 284, 327, 331
research programs funded by, 178–79, 198, 201, 266, 284, 312, 346, 350, 374n1
restraining orders/injunctions against, 303, 320–21, 322–23, 326–27, 342
retired admirals in, 145
and RIMPAC, 381n1
safety measures of, 346
SEALs, 238–39
secrecy in, 33, 45, 50, 55, 111, 134, 160, 170, 172–73, 176, 230, 235, 253, 266–67, 308, 314, 318, 346, 366–67n9
Secretary of,
see
Secretary of the Navy
see
Secretary of the Navy
and separation of powers, 326–27
and settlement negotiations, 303–6, 324, 345–46
“ship shock” program of, 116–18, 121–25, 152, 165, 167, 171, 173, 174, 288, 315, 335
and sonar,
see
sonar
see
sonar
SOSUS (Sound Surveillance System), 44, 45, 47, 49–55, 143, 145, 153–54, 159, 173–74, 263, 366n5, 373n15
“stovepiping” in, 137–38
submarines of,
see
submarines
see
submarines
and toxic waste dumping, 125, 138–39, 265
training exercises (map),
322
322
Undersea Warfare Training Ranges, 351–52
underwater biological sounds catalogued by, 53–55
underwater testing by, 15, 113–14, 116–18, 122, 152–53, 350, 351
unlimited access to oceans demanded by, 287, 289, 300, 304–6, 351–52
unusual mortality events (UMEs) of, 18, 71, 73
victory vs. surrender in, 327
vulnerability to attack, 271
war games of, 57, 98, 139, 148–49, 265, 268, 270–71, 274–80, 285, 368–69n1
and White House strategy meeting, 325–27
women in, 366n5
USS
Buckley,
48
Buckley,
48
USS
Caro,
275
Caro,
275
USS
Caron,
57, 59, 66, 249
Caron,
57, 59, 66, 249
USS
Cole,
271, 272, 275, 276
Cole,
271, 272, 275, 276
USS
Donald Cook,
271, 275, 276
Donald Cook,
271, 275, 276
USS
George Washington,
49–50, 139, 271, 274–75
George Washington,
49–50, 139, 271, 274–75
USS
Hawes,
271, 275, 277
Hawes,
271, 275, 277
USS
John Paul Jones,
116, 125
John Paul Jones,
116, 125
USS
Saluda,
47, 48, 49
Saluda,
47, 48, 49
USS
Shoup,
309–10, 311, 353
Shoup,
309–10, 311, 353
USS
Simpson,
275
Simpson,
275
Vancouver Aquarium, 212, 214, 227
Vieques, Puerto Rico:
Navy waste dumped in, 138–39, 140
out of bounds for Navy exercises, 265, 322–23
public protests in, 139, 150
Vieques Fishermen’s Association, 138
Vietnam, Navy dolphins in, 238–39
Vietnam War, antiwar movement, 42
Voyager I, 226
Walker, John Jr., 154, 242, 369n2
Wall Street Journal,
382–83n3
382–83n3
Walsh, Mary, 245
War Manpower Commission, 203
war on terror, 271, 272, 285–86, 287, 288, 291
Washington, George, 342
Washington Post,
273, 283, 287, 331
273, 283, 287, 331
Water Cay, beached whale on, 59, 64–65
Watkins, Bill, 53–54, 212, 264, 372n13, 373n15
Watlington, Frank, 224, 225, 226
Webb, Doug, 367n10
Weilgart, Lindy, 121, 164–65, 174
Weir, Gary, 366n5, 386, 397
Weiss, Rick, 272–73, 283
West Pacific gray whales, 92, 306
Wetzler, Andrew:
and Cravath, Swaine, 87
and lawsuit against Navy, 295, 296, 299, 303, 315
and NRDC, 87–88, 180, 335
and
NRDC v. Winter,
333
NRDC v. Winter,
333
whale meat, as protein source, 94
Whale Museum, Friday Harbor, 219
whale oil, 93, 197–98, 226
whales:
“A deaf whale is a dead whale,” 165–66, 175, 183
albums of songs of, 54, 225–26
body temperature maintained by, 10
in captive vs. wild settings, 227
communications of, 54–55, 96, 164, 170, 179, 212, 224–26, 350, 374n1
conservation of, 198
deconstruction of, 39–40
and echolocation, xvii, 26, 31, 46, 199, 200, 212, 278–79
as entertainers, 198, 212, 214–17
evolution of, xvii, 26–28, 30, 31, 103
extinction threatened, 197, 225, 302, 344
forensic evidence on, 24–25
God and country vs., 291
heads removed as evidence, 29–32, 64–65
hunting of,
see
whaling
see
whaling
mass strandings in Outer Banks (2005), 308
migrations of, 6, 40, 264, 306, 344, 350
necropsies of, 29–32, 71–72, 126–29, 293, 298
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