Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests: Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis (520 page)

   Decrease in serum total protein and albumin occurs in severe cases between 2 and 4 weeks and may last for years. Increased (relative and absolute) gamma globulins parallel titer of serologic tests. The increase occurs between 5 and 8 weeks and may last 6 months or more. ESR is normal or only slightly increased. Urine may show albuminuria with hyaline and granular casts in severe cases. With meningoencephalitis, CSF may be normal or ≤300 lymphocytes/μL with increased protein with higher antibody level in CSF than in serum.

TRICHOMONIASIS

See discussion of vaginitis and vaginosis in Chapter
8
, Gynecologic and Obstetric Disorders.

Suggested Readings: Parasitic Pathogens

Ash LR, Orihel TC.
Ash and Orihel’s Atlas of Human Parasitology
, 5th ed. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press; 2007.

Barratt JL, Harkness J, Marriott D, et al. Importance of nonenteric protozoan infections in immunocompromised people.
Clin Microbiol Rev.
2010;23:795–836.

Garcia LS.
Diagnostic Medical Parasitology
. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 2007.

Gottstein B, Pozio E, Nöckler K. Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and control of trichinellosis.
Clin Microbiol Rev.
2009;22:127–145.

Hunter PR, Nichols G. Epidemiology and clinical features of
Cryptosporidium
infection in immunocompromised patients.
Clin Microbiol Rev.
2002;15:145–154.

Okhuysen PC. Traveler’s diarrhea due to intestinal protozoa.
Clin Infect Dis.
2001;33:110–114.

Ross AGP, Bartley PB, Sleigh AC, et al. Schistosomiasis.
N Engl J Med.
2002;16:1212–1220.

Stark D, Barratt JLN, van Hal S, et al. Clinical significance of enteric protozoa in the immunosuppressed human population.
Clin Microbiol Rev.
2009;22:634–650.

Tanyuksel M, Petri WA. Laboratory diagnosis of amebiasis.
Clin Microbiol Rev.
2003;16:713–729.

APPENDIX: TABLES FOR REFERENCE

Nosocomial Infections

•   
Acinetobacter baumannii

•   
Candida
species

•   
Clostridium difficile

•   
Escherichia coli

•   
Klebsiella pneumonia

•   
Mucor
species

•   
Mycobacterium avium

•   
Mycobacterium intracellulare

•   
Pseudomonas aeruginosa

•   
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

•   
Rhizopus
species

Insect Bites

•   
Anaplasma phagocytophilum

•   
Babesia microti

•   
Babesia divergens

•   
Borrelia burgdorferi

•   
Ehrlichia chaffeensis

•   
Francisella tularensis

•   
Leishmania species

•   Malaria species

Foodborne Illness

•   
Ascaris lumbricoides

•   
Bacillus cereus

•   
Campylobacter
species

•   
Clostridium botulinum

•   
Clostridium perfringens

•   
Cryptosporidium
and
Coccidia
infections

•   
Cyclospora cayetanensis

•   
Entamoeba histolytica

•   
Escherichia coli

•   
Giardia lamblia

•   
Listeria monocytogenes

•   
Microsporidiosis

•   
Rhizopus
species

•   
Staphylococcus aureus

•   
Taenia
species

•   
Trichinella spiralis

•   
Vibrio cholera

•   
Vibrio vulnificus

•   
Yersinia enterocolitica

Bioterrorism Agents

Category A

These high-priority agents can be easily transmitted and disseminated and result in high mortality.

•   
Bacillus anthracis
(anthrax)

•   
Clostridium botulinum
(botulinum toxin)

•   
Francisella tularensis
(tularemia)

•   Variola virus (smallpox)

•   Viral hemorrhagic fever agents

•   
Yersinia pestis
(bubonic plague)

Category B

Category B agents are moderately easy to disseminate and have low mortality rates.

•   
Brucella
species (brucellosis)

•   
Burkholderia mallei
(glanders)

•   
Burkholderia pseudomallei
(melioidosis)

•   
Clostridium perfringens
(epsilon toxin)

•   
Coxiella burnetii
(Q fever)

Category C

Emerging pathogens that might be engineered for mass dissemination because of their availability, ease of production and dissemination, high mortality rate, or ability to cause a major health impact.

•   Nipah virus

•   Hantavirus

•   SARS

•   H1N1

•   HIV/AIDS

A complete list of agents can be found on the CDC Web site:
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/agentlist.asp
.

Table Describing Groups of Microorganisms by Morphology

Aerobic (Facultative) Gram-Negative Bacilli

•   
Acinetobacter

•   
Burkholderia

•   
Citrobacter

•   
Enterobacter
and
Pantoea

•   
Escherichia coli

•   
Klebsiella

•   
Morganella

•   
Proteus

•   
Pseudomonas

•   
Salmonella
and
Shigella

•   
Serratia

•   
Stenotrophomonas

•   
Yersinia

Aerobic (Facultative) Gram-Negative Curved and Spiral Bacilli

•   
Borrelia

•   
Campylobacter

•   
Helicobacter pylori

•   
Leptospira

•   
Treponema

•   
Vibrio

Aerobic Gram-Negative Coccobacilli

•   Bartonella

•   Bordetella pertussis

•   
Brucella

•   
Francisella tularensis

•   HACEK organisms

•   
Haemophilus influenzae

•   
Legionella

•   
Pasteurella

Aerobic Gram-Negative Cocci

•   
Branhamella

•   
Neisseria gonorrhoeae

•   
Neisseria meningitidis

Aerobic Gram-Positive Bacilli

•   
Arcanobacterium

•   
Bacillus anthracis

•   
Corynebacterium diphtheriae

•   
Erysipelothrix

•   
Gardnerella vaginalis

•   
Lactobacillus

•   
Listeria

Aerobic Gram-Positive Cocci

Staphylococci

•   Nonaureus staphylococci

•   
Staphylococcus aureus

Streptococci

•   Group A
Streptococcus

•   Group B
Streptococcus

•   Other β-hemolytic streptococci

•   
Streptococcus pneumoniae

•   Other viridans streptococci

Enterococci

Obligate Anaerobes

Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli

•   
Bacteroides

•   
Fusobacterium

•   
Porphyromonas

•   
Prevotella

Anaerobic Gram-Positive Bacilli

•   
Actinomyces

•   
Clostridium

•   
Propionibacterium acnes

Chapter
12

Renal Disorders

M. Rabie Al-Turkmani

Acute Kidney Injury (Acute Renal Failure)

Acute Tubular Necrosis

Chronic Kidney Disease

Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis

Glomerulonephritis

Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative

Glomerulonephritis, Membranous

Glomerulonephritis, Postinfectious

Glomerulonephritis, Rapidly Progressive (Crescentic)

Hepatorenal Syndrome

Hypercalcemic Nephropathy

Hypercalciuria

Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis

IgA Nephropathy

Interstitial Nephritis

Minimal Change Disease

Nephritic Syndrome

Nephrotic Syndrome

Radiation Nephropathy

Renal Abscess

Renal Artery Stenosis

Renal Infarction