Voices of Islam (220 page)

symbolism in, 44 Art.
See
Islamic art

Auditory considerations: auditive intuition (phonetics), 21; listening to music, 60–62; prayer niches, 16–17, 18 n.20; spiritual audition (
al- sama‘
), 64–66, 77.
See also
Music; Music genres

Authenticity, sacred art and, 34–35 Autobiographical works, 131 Averroe¨s.
See
Ibn Rushd

Avicenna.
See
Ibn Sina, Abu ‘Ali (Avicenna)

Awlad haratina
(Mahfouz), 127–28
Azadari
(Shiite mourning period), 74 Azem Palace courtyards, 106 Azerbaijan, Kurdish music, 76–77

Babur, 131

Babur-Nameh,
131

Baghdad, Mongol invasion of, 46, 48

n.19, 78

Bahira, 129

Al-Bahr al-Madid
(Ibn ‘Ajiba), 126

Bahu, Sultan, 125

Ba-Kathir, ‘Ali Ahmad, 128 Barazangi, Nimat, 126

Barlas, Asma, 126

Barzanji, Shaykh, 73

Beauty: as function of sacred art, 49– 50; of gardens, 97–98; of music

(
jamal
), 67

Bedouins: clothing of, 56.
See also

Nomadic people

Behavioral system (Islamic medicine), 166, 168

Bektashi Sufis, 68, 81

Benim Adim Kirmizi
(Pamuk), 129 Berbers: music of, 83; writing of, 127.

See also
Nomadic people

Bible: commentaries on, 126; on four rivers, 101; water in, 120 n.3

Bidpai, 124

Bilgrami, Azad, 127, 131 Bilqis.
See
Sheba, Queen of Bint al-Shati, 126

Biographical works, 130–31

The Blind Owl
(Hedayat), 129

Blue, symbolism of, 44–46, 47 nn.14–

15, 48 n.17

Body: covering of with dress, 14–15, 58; faculties and energies, 167–68;

functions, 168; imbalances in, 156; organs, 165; positions of during prayer, 50–51; sacralization of, 50; washing for burial, 160–61

The Book
(Sibawayhi), 127

Book of Dede Korkut,
130

Book of Government
(Nizam al-Mulk), 126

‘‘Book of Kings’’ (
Shah-Nameh
), 75

Book of Songs
(Isfahani), 71 Borges, Jorge Luis, 130 Botanical motifs, 1, 17 n.2; in

arabesques, 11, 43.
See also
Trees

Bowing, 50–51

‘‘Brethren of Purity.’’
See Ikhwan al- Safa’

Buddhism: artistic style, 19–20;
tangkas,
101; temple doorways, 89; throne, symbolism of, 53–54

Index
179

Buf-e kur
(Hedayat), 129

Burda
(‘‘Cloak’’), poem of, 73, 124,

132

Burial places.
See
Mausoleums

Burial, preparing bodies for, 160–61 Bursevi, Ismail Hakki, 77, 126

Al-Busiri, Muhammad, 73, 124, 132 Byzantine influence: on Islamic art, 10;

sacred images, 30–31

Cain, 12

Caliphs: ‘Abd al-Rahman II, 78; use of

minbar,
53; al-Walid, 51

Calligraphy, 1, 3 n.2, 123; Arabic letters and script, 15–16; connection with revelation, 36; Qur’an calligraphy, 33–36; spiritual nature of, 15–16, 18 n.18, 34–36.
See also
Illumination

Call to prayer (
adhan
), 72 Camel drivers, songs of, 61 Camus, Albert, 129

Canonical prayer, 1–2

The Canon of Medicine
(Ibn Sina), 125, 161, 174, 175 n.25

Carpets.
See
Rug making

The Catalogue (
al-Fihrist
), 122 Catholicism, Renaissance art and, 2 ‘‘Cave of the world,’’ 51–52 Cemeteries.
See
Mausoleums
Chabutra
(seating platform), 104
Chador
(‘‘shawl of water’’), 104

Chahar-bagh
(fourfold garden), 94–95
Chahar Maqala
(Four Treatises), 160 Chanting: Kurdish music, 76; of

Qur’an,
3 n.1, 43–44, 47 n.11, 49–

50

Character.
See
Temperament Charms, 159

Che Husna Azhari, 128

Children of the Alley
(Mahfouz), 127– 28

Chinese language, 24; calligraphy, 33;

literature, 132

Chini-khana
(‘‘china cabinet’’), 104 Chishti, Mu‘in al-Din, 75, 82

Chishtiyya Sufis, 68, 75, 82

Chra¨ıbi, Driss, 129

Christianity: artistic style, 20; church entrances, 89; here and hereafter beliefs, 2; liturgical vestments, 14;

sacred art, 34, 49; throne, symbolism of, 53–54; typology of in prayer niches, 52–53

Christians, physicians, 159

Chugrai, Ismet, 129

Circles, symbolism of, 43, 44, 109 n.19 ‘‘Cities of the dead.’’
See
Mausoleums Clarinet, 75, 83–84

Classical music, 71; Arabo-Andalusian music, 77–79; Hindustani music, 82–83; Iranian music, 79–81; spiri-

tual audition, 77; Turkish music, 81–

82

Clothing.
See
Dress Cognition, 168

Colors, symbolism of: blue and gold, 44–46, 47 nn.14–15, 48 n.17;

green, 44, 45, 48 n.17, 97, 108

n.11; red, 44, 48 n.18

Commentaries, Qur’anic, 125–27

The Complete Works of ‘‘Shams of Tabriz’’
(Rumi), 123

Conch shells.
See
Seashells, symbolism of

The Coral Rosary
(Bilgrami), 127 Cordoba: Alcazar gardens, 102–3, 106;

mosque at, 2

Courage, 166

Craft traditions, 12–13 Cresiphon, carpet of, 8 Crypts.
See
Mausoleums

Crystal shape: in architecture, 1, 6; symbolism of, 17–18 n.7

Cube: on mausoleums, 55; symbolism of, 101, 109 n.19.
See also
Ka‘ba

Cupolas, 9, 10, 55

The Cure
(Ibn Sina), 125 Cures.
See
Treatment of illness

Dammaj, Zayd Muti‘, 129

Dance, 63, 66, 67–68, 73–74, 83

Dastan-e Amir Hamza
(Romance of Prince Hamza), 125

180
Index

Davami, 80

Al-Daw’ al-lami‘
(Sakhawi), 131
Debir
(Holy of Holies), 52 Decadence, 47 n.13

Decoration.
See
Ornamentation

Deliverance from Error
(al-Ghazali), 126

Dhu’l-Nun the Egyptian, 60–61 Diet, imbalances in, 170, 172

Disease, 162, 163, 169–70, 174 n.6.

See also
Medicine and healing

The Dissimulation of the Devil
(Ibn al- Jawzi), 61

Divan-e Shams-e Tabriz
(Rumi), 123 Divine Names, 35, 40

Divine Unity.
See Tawhid

Djebar, Ass¨ıa, 130

Doctors.
See Hakim;
Medicine and healing

Dome of the Rock (
Qubbat as- Sakhrah
), 51

Domes, symbolism of, 13, 44 Doorways: to houses, 96; symbolic

motifs, 89–90

Dress: feminine, 15, 27, 57; as Islamic

art, 14–15, 27–28; liturgical role of,

14–15, 55–56; masculine, 14–15, 18

n.15, 27–28, 56, 57; modern European dress, 57–58; Qur’an on, 50; ‘‘sacred vestment’’ (
ihram
), 15;

turbans, 15, 18 n.16, 27–28, 56

Drugs and medicines, 158–59, 170–71

Drums, 67, 75, 78, 82, 83–84

Duality, principle of, 112
Duino Elegies
(Rilke), 144 Duncan, Robert, 150

The Earthquake
(Wattar), 127–28 Eating.
See
Foods

Eckhart, Meister, 90 Ecstasy (
wajd; wujud
), 66

Effeminates (
mukhannathun
), 68

Egyptian literature, 77, 126, 128, 131.

See also
Al-Busiri, Muhammad; Suyuti Energy, sources of, 168

English language, poetry in, 133 Entrances, symbolic motifs, 89–90

Epic of Gilgamesh,
95

‘‘Epistle on Music’’ (
Ikhwan al-Safa’
), 59–60, 62, 63, 64, 77

Ethics.
See
Moral healing

Ethics of the Physician
(Ibn ‘Ali al- Ruhawa), 160

Euclid, 60

Exedra of Roman basilicas, 52

The Expansive Sea
(Ibn ‘Ajiba), 126

Fakhr al-Din al-Razi.
See
Al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din

Falasifa
(philosophers), on music, 62– 64

Al-Farabi, Abu Nast, 62, 71

Farah, Nuruddin, 128

Farhat, Jermanus, 127

Farrokhzad, Forough, 133

Farsi: poetry in, 146; script, 123

Fasting, 155, 156

Ferdowsi, 124

Fever, 169

Fiction literature, 127–29 Figurative art.
See
Images

Al-Fihrist
(The Catalogue), 122 Flood, 114–15

Flute, reed (
nay
), 68, 71, 78, 81–82 Foods: as cause of illness, 170, 172;

prohibited, 155

Forty, symbolism of, 115, 120 n.8 Fountains: in
chahar-bagh
(garden),

94, 103–4; importance of in
Qur’an,

98; symbolism of, 89, 90, 100, 113 Four elements, 101; in Islamic

medicine, 158, 161–62, 164

Four, symbolism of, 44, 100–102 Four Treatises (
Chahar Maqala
), 160 French Surrealists, 145, 148

Friezes, inscriptions on, 16 Fulfulde poetry, 133

Funerary buildings.
See
Mausoleums

Al-Fusul wa al-ghayat
(Ma‘arri), 126– 27

Gardens of Paradise: symbolism of, 89, 100, 105; terminology, 95, 108 nn.5–6

Index
181

Garden of the Martyrs
(Kashifi), 74 Gardens, 93–107;
chahar-bagh
(four-

fold garden), 94–95, 100–103; entrances to, 89–90; geometric lay- out of, 104; number four, symbolism of, 100–102; peaceful function of, 104–5; pre-Islamic, 93–94; Qur’anic

symbolism of, 100, 107; terminol-

ogy, 95, 97–98, 108 nn.5–6; tradi- tion of, 107; water and fountains, 94, 103–4 (
See also
Fountains)

Garments.
See
Dress

Gender roles.
See
Men; Women Generalife (Granada), 94, 102, 104,

106

Genesis: four rivers, 101; water in, 120 n.3

Geometric shapes: in gardens, 101, 104; in Islamic art, 1, 9; symbolism

of, 1, 9, 10, 11, 44

Ghalib, 133

Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid: autobiogra- phy, 126, 131; on moral healing,

173; philosophical writing of, 125–

26, 132; on practice of medicine,

154; spiritual audition, 64–65, 65–

66; on stringed instruments, 68; water, symbolism of, 111

Ghazali, Ahmad, 67–68, 85 n.7

Gibran, Kahlil, 133

Gnosis, 111, 113, 120 n.2

God: anthropomorphic symbols of, 29, 30; Divine Names, 35, 40; maternal nature of, 45, 47 n.14;
Qur’an
on nature of, 40, 41

Gold (color), symbolism of, 44–46 Gold, wearing of, 56, 99, 109 n.15

Gothic art, 20

Graves.
See
Mausoleums

Great Book on Music
(al-Farabi), 62

Great Ta’iyya
(poem), 77 Greek medicine, 154, 161, 174

Greek Orthodox Church, sacred images, 30–31

Greek philosophers, 60, 124

Green, symbolism of, 44, 45, 48 n.17,

97, 108 n.11

Greeting, Muslim, 105

Griha
(song), 83

Guardian symbols at doorways, 89–90 Gurnah, Abdulrazak, 128

Hadiqa
(walled garden), 93–94 Hadith: collectors and transmitters of

writings, 130; on turbans, 28

Haeri, Fadhlalla, 126

Hafiz, 77

Hagia Sophia, 10, 52

Hajj
(pilgrimage), 15

Hakim
(physician-philosophers), 159–61.
See also
Medicine and healing

Al-Hakim, Tawfiq, 128

Hamza ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib, 125 Han Kitab, 132

Harmonium, 75

Haroun and the Sea of Stories

(Rushdie), 128

Al-Harraq, Muhammad, 79

Harriqiyya, 79

Hassan ibn Thabit, 124, 127

Hausa poetry, 133

Al-Hayy, ‘Abd, 131

Head coverings: hats, 15; High Priest of the Old Testament, 14, 18 n.11; turbans, 15, 18 n.16, 27–28, 56

Head, shaving, 156

Healing: moral healing, 157, 171–74.

See also
Medicine and healing Health and wellbeing.
See
Medicine

and healing

Hebrew, poetry in, 132 Hedayat, Sadegh, 129

Heer Ranjha
(Waris Shah), 125 Heraldry, costumes and, 14, 18 n.14

Herbs, medicinal, 158–59, 170–71

‘‘Hidden book,’’ 36, 44

Hikayat Hang Tuah
(
Tale of Hang Tuah
), 130

Hikma
(wisdom), 6, 39, 166 Hinduism: architecture, 10; feminine

dress, 27; iconography, 58 n.2;

nudity, 18 n.13; polytheism, 32 n.1.

See also
India

182
Index

Hindustani music, 82–83; national song, 126

Holy of Holies (
debir
), 52 Holy Virgin.
See
Mary

The Hostage
(Dammaj), 129 Houses: courtyard gardens, 95–96;

physical arrangement of, 13–14, 96–

97

Hudud al-‘Alam
(
Limits of the World
), 131

Hukama’
(philosophers), 62–64

Humayun (mausoleum), 102 Humors (Islamic medicine), 164–65 Hunting parks, 95.
See also
Gardens Hyder, Qurratulain, 129

Ibn Abi al-Dunya, 61

Ibn ‘Ajiba, Ahmad, 66, 86 n.19, 126

Ibn Ajurum, 127

Ibn ‘Ali al-Ruhawa, Ishaq, 160 Ibn ‘Arabi, 123

Ibn Bajja, 62

Ibn al-Habib, Muhammad, 149 Ibn Hanbal, Ahmad (imam), 161 Ibn Hisham, 131

Ibn Idris al-Shafi‘i, Muhammad, 123 Ibn Ishaq, Hunayn, 124, 131

Ibn al-Jawzi, 61–62

Ibn Kathir, 125