Voices of Islam (121 page)

Slavery: Christianity and, 170
See also ‘Ubudiyya
(servanthood)

Slavery as Salvation
(Martin), 170 Sobriety, Sufic dance and, 58

Social identities, Karbala mourning rituals and, 119

Social roles, of Sufi women, 171 Society: evil deeds and, 138; moral

framework of, 136–37; Sufi women, 170

Songs: Sufi personal account, 184; women Sufi, 189

Soul.
See Ruh
(soul)

South Asia, Persian elite culture and, 120

Spanish Inquisition of 1492, 218–19 Spirit: levels of, 127; levels of heart and,

127

Spiritual aspiration, Merton and al-‘Alawi, 144

276
Index

Spiritual attainment, alchemical tradition and, 141

Spiritual direction, Merton and al-‘Alawi, 146

Spiritual energy, ablution and, 18 Spiritual engagement, 167; covenant

with God, 168–69

Spiritual guidance, heart in, 125–30 Spiritual guides, 49 n.50; enlightened

individuals as, 23–24; Nazim Adil al- Haqqani, Muhammad, 26, 39

Spiritual hierarchy, Divine emanations, 23

Spiritual masters, as Ka‘ba, 62 Spiritual movement, stages of fear in,

140–41

Spiritual novices, of self and God, 146 Spiritual things, transformation into

sensory, 129

Spiritual world, connection of physical, 127–28

Standing: prayer fundamental, 29; symbolism, 34

Standing
dhikr, hadra
as, 59

State: waging of combative Jihad by, 221–22, 229
See also
Leader(s)

Station of Annihilation, 45 Station of Sainthood, 194 Station of Submission, 45–46

Station of Worship, al-Yashrutiyya per- sonal account, 188

Submission: Arab tribes, 76; of humans to God, 28; Islam as, 45; Ka‘ba and, 62; in prayer, 9, 29, 41; of Prophet,

28; servanthood and prayer, 44–45;

as servitude, 168, 172

Succession, Imamate vs caliphate views, 113–15

Successor, Muhammad death and, 113–14

Suffering, non-redemptive as evil, 135 Sufi: closing of heart, 128–29; disciple

practices, 194–95; gathering, 57–58; Hajji as, 62; levels of heart, 126; levels of witnessing, 43; love of God, 158–59; Persian, Turkish, and Moroccan, 58; Shadhiliyya method,

194–95; women, 167, 170; zawiya life personal account, 192–95

Sufi masters, 194

Sufi Path, 56, 180

Sufism: invocatory formulas, 55; prayer cycle symbolism, 20

Sufi Way, 157–69

Suicide, prohibition of, 243, 244–45

Suicide attacks, 243–48

Al-Sulami, Abu ‘Abd al-Rahman, 167 Sun, 20

Sunan
(supererogatory prayer), 14;
al mu’akkada
(practice of the Prophet), 16;
nafila
(extra
sunan
), 16; personal

account, 86; ritual prayer and, 15; slaves of God, 169–70

Sunni: ‘Ashura commemoration, 112; meaning of term, 114–15; Rightly- Guided Caliphs, 114

Sunni–Shiite schism, 112–13;

Umayyad Caliphate, 115–18

Sunset, 20

Sunset prayers.
See Maghrib
(sunset prayers)

Supererogatory prayers.
See Nawafil
(supererogatory prayers);
Sunan
(supererogatory prayer)

Supplicatory prayer.
See
Du‘a (supplicatory prayer)

Supreme Throne, 22

Surprise attack, and combative Jihad, 237

Symbolism, Iran and importance of, 119–20

Syria, 113

Ta‘abbud
(making oneself a slave), 167 Tahanui, on authority to declare

combative Jihad, 220

Takbir
(magnification), God and consecratory, 29

Takiya
(greater sanctuary), 192

Talbiya,
2–3, 4 n.2

Tamasic
tendency, 137

Tantawi, Sayyid (Grand Shaykh), on killing of noncombatants, 246

Tariqa, Shadhiliyya, 58

Index
277

Tariq(a)
(path), 59

Tashahhud
(testimony of faith):

prayer fundamental, 29; sections of, 34

Tawba
(repentance): emptying in Catholic and Sufi practice, 140; evil recognition and, 135

Tawhid
(Divine Unity), 161; Muhammad and, 45

Taxation, in peace treaties, 240–41 Tayyiba, Baji (Shaykha), 54

Ta‘ziya
(lamentation), Karbala story, 119

Teaching, Sufi spiritual, 59 Temple in Jerusalem, 21–22 Temple of Solomon, 47 n.30 Temporary emigration.
See Ziyara

(temporary emigration) Temptations, evil thoughts and, 138 Terrorism, religious goals and, 157 Testimony of faith.
See Tashahhud

(testimony of faith)

Thought(s): evil and deeds, 138; of heart, 27; temptation to evil, 138

Thrones, world of, 126 Tibetan chants, 55 Times, of prayer, 20

Timur Leng (Tamerlane), 120 Tomb(s): Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, 82;

Ahmad, Amir, 106; ‘A’isha, 82;

Prophet’s, 1, 77, 81–82; raised structure prohibition, 84; Saban-i- Veli, Shaykh, 64–65; ‘Umar ibn al- Khattab, 82

Traditionalists, twentieth century evil, 133

Traditions of the Prophet, prayers, 15 Transformation: Hajj and, 62;

invocation, 55; spiritual things into sensory, 129

Treaty of Hudaybiyya, 233–34 Truth: as doors of heart, 128–29;

Joseph and, 152

Turkey, 186–87

Turkish Sufis, 58

Twentieth-century evil, 132–33 Tyranny.
See Zulm
(tyranny)

‘Ubudiyya
(servanthood): characteristics of, 168; Christian and Islamic, 170–71;
‘ibada
(worship) and, 168; meaning of, 45; prayer

and, 9–10; Prophet as zenith, 34; rhetoric of, 170; six principles of, 169; slavery, 158; women and

theology of, 167–72

‘Umar ibn al-Khattab, 47 n.30, 94,

114; tomb, 82

Umayyad Caliphate, 85, 94; ‘Ashura symbolism and rebellion, 112; Sunni–Shiite schism, 115–18

Umayyad period, Medina, 89 ‘Unayza of Baghdad, 171

Understanding, levels of spirit in, 127 Union: prayer and bond of, 43–44; as third state of spiritual movement,

140

Union of marriage.
See Wisal
(union of marriage)

Union with God, 140, 163; al-Mursˆı, Abu’l ‘Abbass, 151–52

Universal Man, 33–34

Universe, remembrance of God, 63–64

‘Uthman ibn ‘Affan, 39, 85, 94, 114;

assignation, 115

Value(s): inversion in modern society, 137; of prostrations, 31

Veil: of darkness, 132; in night vigil, 39–39; personal account, 184, 187; spiritual significance, 25–26; Verse of, 25; women personal spirituality of, 105–9; worship and spiritual significance, 25

Veiling of world, 131 Verse of the Veil, 25

Visible world.
See Al-mulk
(visible world)

Voluntary worship, 38–41

Wadi al-‘Aqiq, 78–79

Wadi Buthan, 79, 93

Wadi Qana, 87

Al-Wahhab, Muhammad ibn ‘Abd, 84 Wahhabi scholars:
Baqi’ al-Gharqad

278
Index

funeral structures, 84–85; mediation by Prophet, 82

Wahhabism, on suicide bombings, 245

Wajib
(essential), covering as, 24 War: ‘‘holy,’’ 205; Jihad as (
See

Combative Jihad)
War‘
(abstinence), 171 Wars, religion and, 157
Warsh
style, 57

Water: purification rituals, 17; symbolism of, 18, 152–53

Well of Aris, 89

Well of the Ring, 89 Well of Zam Zam, 18 Westernization, 191

Western Sufis, 60

Wird
(invocatory formulas), 55

Wisal
(union of marriage), prayer and, 43

Witnessing.
See Mushahada

(witnessing)

Women, 180; Arab society, 188; Egypt revival movement, 188; in Islam criticism, 171; Jihad of, 238; Karbala role, 116; Muharram procession, 118; shrine visit personal account, 105–9; spiritual knowledge, 178; spiritually conducive clothing, 29; Sufi self-enslavement, 167; Sufi serv- anthood theology of, 167–72; Sufi singing, 189; Sufi vs Muslim, 167;

symbolism of, 25

Women’s section: Prophet’s Mosque, 84; Shiite shrine, 105–9

Word of God, Qur’an recitation, 57 Work, and Sufi disciples, 196 World: asdivineplay, 132; levelsof,

126–27; Mertonandal-‘Alawi, 150–

51; spiritual–physicalconnection,

128

Worldly desire.
See Hubb al-dunya

(worldly desire) World War I, 186–87 World War II, 189

Worship: cemetery acts prohibition, 88; graves visitation, 84; ritual prayer,

42; summit, 41; veil and, 25;

voluntary, 38–41

Worshiped One, as Divine name, 158

Worshipers: Divine Attributes and, 28–29; vision and
qibla,
23

Worshipping: at graves prohibition, 93

Writing, in Jihad, 208–9

Wudu
(ablutions): Gabriel instruction of, 14; Merton and al-‘Alawi, 152–

53; in Mosque of Quba, 88; purification and ritual, 18; spiritual significance, 18–19

Yamama, battle of, 247

Al-Yashruti, ‘Ali Nur al-Din, 175–97 Al-Yashrutiyya, Fatima, autobiography,

178–79

Yashrutiyya Sufi order, 176, 180; zawiya personal account, 192–95

Yasin,
as heart of Qur’an, 33 Yazid I, Caliph, 115–17 Yemen, 113

Zachariah, 31

Zad al-Ma
‘
ad
(Ibn Qayyim), 206–7, 210–11, 237

Zafar Ahmad ‘Uthmani, on authority to declare combative Jihad, 222–23

Zakat
(charity), 15, 41 Zam Zam, holy well of, 18

Zawiya,
178; Mekne`s, Morocco, 56–58; visitors, 195–96; Yashrutiyya Sufi order personal account, 192–

95

Zaydi Shiites, 113

Zaynab (sister of Husayn), 116 Zen Buddhism, 54–56

Ziyara
(temporary emigration), 76–77; guide service, 81–82; Medina traditional protocols, 80–88; secondary visiting sites, 89–97; traditional protocols, 80–88

Zubayr ibn al-‘Awwam, 245–46

Zuhr
(noon prayers), 20

Zulm
(tyranny), impurity as, 27

A
BOUT THE
E
DITOR AND
C
ONTRIBUTORS

•

VINCENT J. CORNELL is Asa Griggs Candler Professor of Middle East and Islamic Studies at Emory University. From 2000 to 2006, he was Professor of History and Director of the King Fahd Center for Middle East and Islamic Studies at the University of Arkansas. From 1991 to 2000, he taught at Duke University. Dr. Cornell has published two major books,
The Way of Abu Madyan
(Cambridge, U.K.: The Islamic Texts Society, 1996) and
Realm of the Saint: Power and Authority in Moroccan Sufism
(Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 1998), and over 30 articles. His interests cover the entire spectrum of Islamic thought from Sufi to theology and Islamic law. He has lived and worked in Morocco for nearly six years and has spent considerable time both teaching and doing research in Egypt, Tunisia, Malaysia, and Indonesia. He is currently working on projects on Islamic ethics and moral theology in conjunction with the Shalom Hartmann Institute and the Elijah Interfaith Institute in Jerusalem. For the past fi years (2002–2006), he has been a key participant in the Building Bridges Seminars hosted by the Archbishop of Canterbury.

KAMRAN SCOT AGHAIE received his PhD in History from the University of California, Los Angeles, in 1999. He is Associate Professor of Islamic and Iranian History at the University of Texas at Austin and currently serves as Director of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Texas. His main publications include
The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi‘i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran
(2004) and
The Women of Karbala: The Gender Dynamics of Ritual Performances and Symbolic Discourses of Modern Shi‘i Islam
(2005). His research interests include modern Iranian history, Islamic studies, Shi‘ism, gender studies, historiography, religious studies, nationalism, and economic history.