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Garrett, Brandon L. “Introduction:
New England Law Review
Symposium on ‘Convicting the Innocent.' ”
New England Law Review
46 (2012): 671–87.

Goode, Erica, and John Schwartz. “Police Lineups Start to Face Fact: Eyes Can Lie.”
New York Times
, August 28, 2011.

Gurney, Daniel J., Karen J. Pine, and Richard Wiseman. “The Gestural Misinformation Effect: Skewing Eyewitness Testimony Through Gesture.”
American Journal of Psychology
126 (2013): 301–14.

Haines, Errin. Georgia Innocence Project. “Man Cleared by DNA Eager for Christmas in Freedom.” December 20, 2007.
http://www.ga-​innocenceproject.org/​Articles/Article_94.htm
.

Harley, Erin M., Keri A. Carlsen, and Geoffrey R. Loftus. “The ‘Saw-It-All-Along' Effect: Demonstrations of Visual Hindsight Bias.”
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
30 (2004): 432–38.

Harvard University Press. “Understanding Eyewitness Misidentifications.” March 14, 2011.
http://harvardpress.​typepad.com/​hup_publicity​/2011/03/​understanding-eyewitness-misidentifications.html
.

Hasel, Lisa E., and Saul M. Kassin. “On the Presumption of Evidentiary Independence: Can Confessions Corrupt Eyewitness Identifications?”
Psychological Science
20 (2009): 122–26.

Hope, Lorraine, William Lewinski, Justin Dixon, David Blocksidge, and Fiona Gabbert. “Witnesses in Action: The Effects of Physical Exertion on Recall and Recognition.”
Psychological Science
23 (2012): 386–90.

“Hugo Munsterberg.” Accessed May 18, 2014.
http://​www.famouspsychologists.org/​hugo-munsterberg/
.

Hulse, Lynn M., and Amina Memon. “Fatal Impact? The Effects of Emotional and Weapon Presence on Police Officers' Memories for a Simulated Crime.”
Legal and Criminological Psychology
11 (2006): 313–25.

Innocence Project. “John Jerome White.” Accessed May 12, 2014.
http://www.​innocenceproject.org/​Content/​John_Jerome_White.php
.

Innocence Project.
Reevaluating Lineups: Why Witnesses Make Mistakes and How to Reduce the Chance of Misidentification
. New York: Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University.

Konkol, Mark. “Chicago Police Solve More Murders with New Strategy, Witness Cooperation.”
DNAinfo Chicago
, July 24, 2013.
http://www.dnainfo.com/​chicago/20130724​/loop/​chicago-police-solve-more-murders​-with-new-strategy-witness-cooperation
.

Krug, Kevin. “The Relationship Between Confidence and Accuracy: Current Thoughts of the Literature and a New Area of Research.”
Applied Psychology in Criminal Justice
3 (2007): 7–41.

Lindsay, D. Stephen, J. Don Read, and Kusum Sharma. “Accuracy and Confidence in Person Identification: The Relationship Is Strong When Witnessing Conditions Vary Widely.”
Psychological Science
9 (1998): 215–18.

Liptik, Adam. “34 Years Later, Supreme Court Will Revisit Witness IDs.”
New York Times
, August 22, 2011.

Loftus, Elizabeth F., and John C. Palmer. “Reconstruction of Automobile Destruction: An Example of the Interaction Between Language and Memory.”
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior
13 (1974): 585–89.

Malpass, Roy S., Colin G. Tredoux, and Dawn McQuiston-Surrett. “Lineup Construction and Lineup Fairness.” In
Handbook of Eyewitness Psychology
, vol. 2,
Memory for People
, edited by R. C. L. Lindsay, David F. Ross, J. Don Read, and Michael P. Toglia. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2007.

Megreya, Ahmed M., and A. Mike Burton. “Matching Faces to Photographs: Poor Performance in Eyewitness Memory (Without the Memory).”
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied
14 (2008): 364–72.

Meissner, Christian A., and John C. Brigham. “Thirty Years of Investigating the Own-Race Bias in Memory for Faces: A Meta-Analytic Review.”
Psychology, Public Policy, and Law
7 (2001): 3–35.

Memon, Amina, Lorraine Hope, James Bartlett, and Ray Bull. “Eyewitness Recognition Errors: The Effects of Mugshot Viewing and Choosing in Young and Old Adults.”
Memory and Cognition
30 (2002): 1219–27.

Münsterberg, Hugo.
On the Witness Stand: Essays in Psychology and Crime
. New York: Doubleday, Page, 1908.

Nauert, Rick. “Ability to Recognize Faces Is Hardwired.”
Psych Central
. Accessed December 5, 2011.
http://psychcentral.com/​news/​2011/12​/05/ability-​to-recognize-faces-is-hardwired/32196.html
.

Opfer, Chris. “The Problem with Police Line-Ups.”
Atlantic
, February 19, 2013.
http://www.theatlanticcities.com/​politics/​2013/02/problem​-police-line-ups​/4724/
.

Rabin, Roni Caryn. “A Memory for Faces, Extreme Version.”
New York Times
, May 25, 2009.

Rankin, Bill. “Innocent Man's Conviction Show's Flaws in Line-Ups.”
Georgia Innocence Project, December 13, 2007.
http://www.ga-innocenceproject.org/​Articles​/Article_90.htm
.

Rhodes, Matthew G., and Jeffrey S. Anastasi. “The Own-Age Bias in Face Recognition: A Meta-Analytic and Theoretical Review.”
Psychological Bulletin
138 (2012): 146–74.

Sacchi, Dario, Franca Agnoli, and Elizabeth Loftus. “Changing History: Doctored Photographs Affect Memory for Past Public Events.”
Applied Cognitive Psychology
21 (2007): 1005–22.

Schmechel, Richard S., Timothy P. O'Toole, Catharine Easterly, and Elizabeth Loftus. “Beyond the Ken? Testing Jurors' Understanding of Eyewitness Reliability Evidence.”
Jurimetrics
46 (2006): 177–214.

Searcy, Jean H. “Age Differences in Accuracy and Choosing in Eyewitness Identification and Face Recognition.”
Memory and Cognition
27 (1999): 538–52.

Simon, Dan.
In Doubt: The Psychology of the Criminal Justice Process
. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012.

Simon, Dan. “The Limited Diagnosticity of Criminal Trials.”
Vanderbilt Law Review
64 (2011): 143–223.

Simons, Daniel J., and Christopher F. Chabris. “Gorillas in Our Midst: Sustained Inattentional Blindness for Dynamic Events.”
Perception
28 (1999): 1059–74.

Simons, Daniel J., and Christopher F. Chabris. “What People Believe About How Memory Works: A Representative Survey of the U.S. Population.”
PLOS ONE
6, no. 8 (2011): 1–7.

Sledge, Kaffie. Georgia Innocence Project. “Adjusting to Freedom.” April 21, 2008.
http://www.ga-innocenceproject.org/​Articles​/Article_104.htm
.

State of New Jersey, Office of the Attorney General. “Attorney General Guidelines for Preparing and Conducting Photo and Live Lineup Identification Procedures.” April 18, 2001.

State v. Henderson
. 27 A.3d 872 (N.J. 2011).

State v. White
. Transcript of Record. No. 314 (Ga. Super. Ct. May 29, 1980).

Steblay, Nancy M. “A Meta-Analytic Review of the Weapon Focus Effect.”
Law and Human Behavior
16 (1992): 413–24.

Thompson, Jennifer. “I Was Certain, But I Was Wrong.”
New York Times
, June 18, 2000.

Tomes, Jennifer L., and Albert N. Katz. “Confidence-Accuracy Relations for Real and Suggested Events.”
Memory
8 (2000): 273–83.

Turner, Dorie. “DNA Test Clears Man After 27 Years.”
Washington Post
, December 11, 2007.

University of California, Los Angeles. “Did You See That? How Could You Miss It?”
ScienceDaily
, November 26, 2012.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/​releases/2012​/11/121126151058.htm
.

Valentine, Tim, and Jan Mesout. “Eyewitness Identification Under Stress in the London Dungeon.”
Applied Cognitive Psychology
23 (2009): 151–61.

Valentine, Tim, Alan Pickering, and Stephen Darling. “Characteristics of Eyewitness Identification That Predict the Outcome of Real Lineups.”
Applied Cognitive Psychology
17 (2003): 969–93.

Vredeveldt, Annelies, and Steven D. Penrod. “Eye-Closure Improves Memory for a Witnessed Event Under Naturalistic Conditions.”
Psychology, Crime, and Law
1 (2012): 893–905.

Watkins v. Sowders
. 449 U.S. 341 (1981).

Weiser, Benjamin. “In New Jersey, Rules Are Changed on Witness IDs.”
New York Times
, August 24, 2011.

Wells, Gary. “The Mistaken Identification of John Jerome White.” Accessed May 18, 2015.
http://www.psychology.iastate.edu/​~glwells/​The_Misidentification_of_John_White.pdf
.

Wells, Gary L. “The Psychology of Lineup Identifications.”
Journal of Applied Social Psychology
14 (1983): 89–103.

Wells, Gary L., and Amy L. Bradfield. “ ‘Good You Identified the Suspect': Feedback to Eyewitnesses Distorts Their Reports of the Witnessing Experience.”
Journal of Applied Psychology
83 (1998): 360–76.

Wells, Gary L., Steve D. Charman, and Elizabeth A. Olson. “Building Face Composites Can Harm Lineup Identification Performance.”
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied
11 (2005): 147–56.

Wells, Gary L., and Elizabeth A. Olson. “Eyewitness Identification: Information Gain from Incriminating and Exonerating Behaviors.”
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied
8 (2002): 155–67.

Wise, Richard A., Clifford S. Fishman, and Martin A. Safer. “How to Analyze the Accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony in a Criminal Case.”
Connecticut Law Review
42 (2009): 435–513.

Wise, Richard A., Martin A. Safer, and Christina M. Moro. “What U.S. Law Enforcement Officers Know and Believe About Eyewitness Interviews and Identification Procedures.”
Applied Cognitive Psychology
25 (2011): 488–500.

“Witnesses Given New Tool to Fight Gang Crime.”
UoP News
, March 19, 2013.
http://www.port.ac.uk/​uopnews/2013​/03/19/witnesses-given-new​-tool-to-fight-gang-crime/
.

Yuille, John C. “Research and Teaching with Police: A Canadian Example.”
International Review of Applied Psychology
33 (1984): 5–23.

Yuille, John C., Graham Davies, Felicity Gibling, David Marxsen, and Stephen Porter. “Eyewitness Memory of Police Trainees for Realistic Role Plays.”
Journal of Applied Psychology
79 (1994): 931–36.

7. HOW TO TELL A LIE ~ THE EXPERT

Akehurst, Lucy, Gunter Kohnken, Aldert Vrij, and Ray Bull. “Lay Persons' and Police Officers' Beliefs Regarding Deceptive Behavior.”
Applied Cognitive Psychology
10 (1996): 461–71.

Allison, Helen E., and Richard J. Hobbs.
Science and Policy in Natural Resource Management: Understanding System Complexity
. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Anderson v. Bessemer City
. 470 U.S. 564 (1985).

Aspinwall, Lisa G., Teneille R. Brown, and James Tabery. “The Double-Edged Sword: Does Biomechanism Increase or Decrease Judges' Sentencing of Psychopaths?”
Science
337 (2012): 846–49.

Aspinwall, Lisa G., Teneille R. Brown, and James Tabery. “Supplementary Materials for ‘The Double-Edged Sword: Does Biomechanism Increase or Decrease Judges' Sentencing of Psychopaths?' ”
Science
, August 17, 2012, 1–29.
http://www.sciencemag.org/​content/suppl​/2012/08/15​/337.6096.846.DC1​/1219569.​Aspinwall.SM.pdf
.

Associated Press. “Judge Says Remarks on ‘Gorillas' May Be Cited in Trial on Beating.”
New York Times
, June 12, 1991.

Association for Psychological Science. “Forensic Experts May Be Biased by the Side That Retains Them.”
ScienceDaily
, August 28, 2013.
http://www.sciencedaily​.com/​releases/2013/08/​130828092302.htm
.

Balmer, Andy.
“Gary James Smith v. State of Maryland.” Reasonable Excuse
(blog), August 30, 2012.
http://andybalmer.​wordpress.com/​tag/​no-lie-mri/
.

Baskin, Deborah R., and Ira B. Sommers. “Crime-Show-Viewing Habits and Public Attitudes Toward Forensic Evidence: The ‘CSI Effect' Revisited.”
Justice System Journal
31, no. 1 (2010): 97–113.

“Beyond Good Cop/Bad Cop: A Look at Real-Life Interrogations.” NPR, December 5, 2013.
http://www.npr.org/​2013/12/​05/248968150/​beyond-good-cop-bad-cop-​a-look-at-​real-life-interrogations
.

Bloom, Floyd E., Howard L. Fields, Michael S. Gazzaniga, Scott T. Grafton, Kent Kiehl, Helen Mayberg, Read Montague, Louis J. Ptacek, Marcus Raichle, Adina Roskies, and Anothony Wagner.
A Judge's Guide to Neuroscience: A Concise Introduction
. Santa Barbara: University of California, 2010.

Bond, Charles F., Jr., and Bella M. DePaulo. “Accuracy of Deception
Judgments.”
Personality and Social Psychology Review
10, no. 3 (2006): 214–34.

Boyd v. U.S
. 116 U.S. 616 (1886).

Boyes-Watson, Carolyn.
Crime and Justice: Learning Through Cases
. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014.

“Brains Scan for Lie Detection.”
Washington Post
, August 26, 2012.

Brainwave Science. “Brain Fingerprinting Advantages.” Accessed May 16, 2014.
http://www.brainwavescience.com/​product-​advantages.html
.

Brainwave Science. “Product Application for Law Enforcement.” Accessed May 16, 2014.
http://www.brainwavescience.com/​law-advantages​.html
.

Brainwave Science. “Product Applications.” Accessed May 16, 2014.
http://www.​brainwavescience.com/​technology​.html
.

Brickell, Wendy. “Is It the CSI Effect or Do We Just Distrust Juries?”
Criminal Justice
23 (2008): 10–18.

BOOK: Unfair
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