TW10 The Hellfire Rebellion NEW (2 page)

"The smugglers' trade, you mean." said Moffat.

“And whose fault is it that we are forced to smuggle?” Edes said. "Do not the distillers need molasses to make rum? Do not the farmers need markets for their grain and cattle? Do not the butchers and the bakers and the lumbermen need markets for their goods, as well? You know as well as I that virtually all the produce of New England is barred from Britain to protect home trade. Yet we must import everything only from them! Is that fair. I ask you? Why should we import European goods only from England when we can obtain them far more cheaply elsewhere?"

"He means that we've always sent much of our produce to the French West Indies." Moffat explained. "where it was traded for molasses and European goods. It's long been a common practice for the captains and the owners of the ships to falsify their manifests and bribe the customs officers, but it was illegal then and it's illegal now. The only difference is that now the Acts of Trade and Navigation are being rigidly enforced. Some people seem to think that it's an imposition to obey the law."

Ben Edes snorted. "You talk about legality," he said. 'What about the old principle of English law that upholds the right of people to be taxed only by their representatives? The Sugar Act was passed without anyone in Parliament remarking upon that. sir! They seek to bleed us dry and make it all seem legal! Now anyone caught smuggling will have their ships and cargoes confiscated, and instead of being tried in our own colonial courts, with juries, as is a citizen's right, those cases are now heard in admiralty courts, which have no juries. Defendants are presumed guilty until innocence is proven, and even if a man should be proved innocent. he must still pay all the costs and cannot recover any damages. Meanwhile. the Royal Navy leaps at every chance to collect colonial prize money by seizing any vessel 'suspected' of being a smuggler, not only merchant ships. mind you, but smaller vessels. too, which are not required to carry manifests of cargo. The Acts of Trade and Navigation enable agents of the Crown to break into any ship. home, store. or warehouse suspected of containing smuggled goods. Where is the legality in that. I ask you? Where is the justice? And now they want to ram the Stamp Act down our throats!”

"You want to know why Andrew Oliver was hung in effigy?" Edes asked Hunter. "It is because he has accepted an appointment as the local stamp distributor, to profit from this latest outrage visited upon us. Thanks to the Stamp Act, my newspaper must now be printed on stamped paper taxed at one shilling a sheet. A three-shilling stamp is required on any legal document. School and college diplomas are to be taxed two pounds and a lawyer's license bears a ten-pound tax. Any appointment to public office must now be written on stamped paper taxed at four pounds. Even playing cards and dice are to be taxed one shilling! I tell you, sir, it is outrageous! And Andrew Oliver has agreed to become a party to this affront against our rights, to distribute the blasted stamps in Boston!"

He took the
Gazette
from Hunter. opened it. and stabbed a finger at a drawing of a badge-shaped stamp. It had "America" lettered at the top and around a Tudor rose ran the motto of the Order of the Garter, "
Honi soit qui mal y pense
.“

Shame to him who thinks evil of it," Fries translated in a sarcastic tone.

"An irony indeed, considering what most people in the colonies think of Parliament's new measure! You saw that opinion expressed today upon the Common, sir!"

"The opinion of Sam Adams and the Loyal Nine, perhaps." said Moffat. "But do not presume these radicals speak for everyone in Boston."

"Well, certainly not for Governor Bernard," said Edes. sourly. "But Adams speaks for many of us. The governor wanted the effigies removed at once, yet he was advised against it by the members of his own council!"

“Only because the council felt it would be wise not to provoke an incident." said Brown.

"Precisely my point!" Edes said. "No incident could be provoked if the public sympathy did not lie with the demonstrators! I heard that Chief Justice Hutchinson ordered the sheriff to pull the figures down, but Sheriff Greenleaf said he feared he'd be risking the lives of his men if he tried to go against the crowd! He saw their mood and knew better than to interfere!"

"Undoubtedly. our fearless sheriff saw some familiar faces in the crowd." said Moffat. "among them Ebenezer Macintosh, that hard-nosed cobbler who leads the rowdy South End Gang, and Samuel Swift, the leader of the North End Boys, who like nothing better than to break a head or two. I saw them whipping up the crowd myself. And if those two rival. brawling gangs of hooligans have come together for this demonstration. then Greenleaf knows there could be hell to pay before this day is through. I am not surprised that he wanted no part of it."

At that moment. someone came running into the tavern to announce that the demonstrators were going to march on the stampman's office.

“This I'd like to see." said Edes, pushing back his chair and heading for the door.

Hunter followed with the others as they hurried toward the Common. It was growing dark as they arrived and the crowd had grown quite large. The demonstrators had pulled down the effigies and nailed them to boards. They hoisted them up onto their shoulders and paraded shouting through the town, followed by the growing crowd of onlookers. Hunter went along as Ebenezer Macintosh led the noisy march to Kilby Street. where Andrew Oliver. the stamp distributor, had established his new office. It took them less than five minutes to demolish it completely.

"And they shout about liberties and rights." said Moffat. shaking his head as he watched the demonstrators ripping down the building. “Well I’ve seen quite enough." He turned to Hunter. "I fear that you have pot found Boston at her best, sir. Good fortune to you."

When the demolition was completed. the crowd moved on to Oliver's home. The stamp distributor had fled when he heard the crowd approaching, but if he thought they would disperse when they didn't find him home, he was tragically mistaken. The rioters used rocks and clubs to smash out all his windows of imported English glass, then they broke open the stables and vandalized his handsome coach.

They tore down the garden fence and started a fire in the yard. Most of the onlookers just watched, but a good number of them joined the rioters as they stripped every single fruit tree on the grounds, tore off all the branches, and fed them to the flames. Then they broke into the house itself.

Hunter followed them inside, where they smashed all the furniture to kindling and scattered Oliver's possessions all about the house. Many of them helped themselves to whatever valuables they found, and not one to waste an opportunity, Hunter stuffed his pockets with jewelry and cash. When in Rome. he thought, do as the Romans do.

There was a lot of celebrating in the taverns on the waterfront that night and Hunter cemented some new friendships by standing men like Ben Edes and Ebenezer Macintosh to drinks, in some cases with money he had picked from their own pockets. He took a small room at an inn and the next day he joined some of his new friends in a delegation of "concerned citizens" who went to visit Andrew Oliver in his shambles of a home, where they convinced him, "for the good of the public." to resign his royal commission as the distributor of stamps.

Buoyed up by their success, these concerned citizens then decided to further influence their local officials by trashing some more houses. They built a huge bonfire on King Street. the better to attract a crowd, and in a proper festive spirit, they then proceeded to lay waste to the home of William Story, an officer of the vice admiralty court. A few of the more festive souls among the crowd cried out for Story's life, but he had made good his escape, and they were forced to settle for burning the admiralty records and stealing all his valuables. After Story's house was burglarized, the mob proceeded to the home of Ben Hallowell, a customs official, where once again they smashed a lot of doors and windows, broke up a lot of furniture, scattered all the books and papers, helped themselves to the contents of the wine cellar, and took away whatever valuables they found.

Hunter came away with about two hundred pounds in cash, which he had discovered locked in Hallowell's desk. He decided that things were going along quite nicely, but they went even better at the home of Chief Justice Thomas Hutchinson.

Hutchinson fled with his family just in time. Shouting "Liberty and property." the demonstrators demonstrated their respect of same by working diligently through the night to demolish the entire mansion. They first broke open the wine cellars, for it was thirsty work, and while most of them were busy getting drunk and smashing up the furniture. Hunter and Macintosh made a quick search of the house. Their efforts rewarded them with some jewelry and nine hundred pounds sterling, which they divvied up between them.

"Patriotism is its own reward, eh?" said the grinning Macintosh. clapping Hunter on the back. In the short time they had known each other, they had become fast friends. Amazing what a little civil disobedience and alcohol can do. thought Hunter. After the mob finished demolishing the furniture and smashing out the windows, they started tearing up the floors. There was no stopping them. Sheriff Greenleaf arrived and made a token effort at exerting his authority. but a barrage of rocks and bricks made him decide that he had more important things to see to at the office. Having thus repulsed the sheriff, the rioters celebrated their victory by smashing all the dishes and the crystalware. then tearing up the library. They destroyed the books and ripped up all the documents, including the manuscript for Hutchinson's history of the Massachusetts colony, which he had been working on for thirty years. Throughout the house, the rioters were going berserk like piranhas in a feeding frenzy. slashing all the mattresses and pillows, tearing down the drapes, smashing through the walls, and ripping down the chandeliers. When the interior of the mansion was completely gutted, the rioters tore the slate shingles off the roof and even dismantled the cupola. which took about three hours, but provided them with no end of satisfaction.

At some point during the night, Governor Bernard had given the order for the drummers to beat the alarm for the militia. but Sheriff Greenleaf had to disappoint him once again. The drummers. he reported sadly, were all part of the mob. It was dawn before the last of the rioters finally dispersed, leaving behind an utter ruin. Nothing remained standing of Boston's finest mansion except a wall or two and a huge pile of rubble. It looked as if a tornado had touched down upon the spot.

The Boston riots touched off similar events in other cities. Throughout the thirteen colonies, stamp distributors were pressured to resign. With no stamps to pass out, ships whose papers were not stamped were suddenly engaged in smuggling.

They could not unload in England without the risk of seizure. In Philadelphia, one hundred and fifty ships had jammed the port. Without stamps for legal documents, courts had no choice but to close down. Writs could not be issued. Land titles couldn't be conveyed. Trials could not take place. An enterprising man could profit from such a climate of confusion and Reese Hunter found himself among enterprising men.

They called themselves the Sons of Liberty and their leaders met in a tavern called The Bunch of Grapes. Ben Edes had joined the Sons of Liberty and the
Gazette
became the most radical newspaper in the colonies. Sam Adams used it as his forum. Writing under a wide variety of pseudonyms such as "Determinatus," "Brittanicus Americus." "A Son of Liberty." "A Bostonian," and "Candidus," Adams kept up an unceasing barrage of invective against the ministers of the Crown and even against King George, himself, which many citizens of Boston thought was going much too far.

It was one thing to speak out against the ministry and Parliament. but it was something else again when Adams dared to criticize the king. to lecture him in print like an impatient schoolmaster. But most of the citizens of Boston were still unaware that what Sam Adams really wanted was nothing less than total independence from Great Britain, an idea whose time had not yet come, though Hunter knew that it was drawing closer. In another decade, the colonies would declare their independence from the mother country. Hunter intended to be long gone by then. He had no intention of being caught up in the war. But in the meantime. Boston was a fascinating place to be. And Hunter was in no hurry to go anywhere. He had all the time in the world.

It was growing late when he arrived to meet the others at the tavern. The feisty Macintosh was already reeling from the effects of all the wine he'd drunk and he was being twice as loud as usual, which made for a considerable amount of volume.

"An' I still say it was a mistake," he slurred angrily. his mind still relatively lucid, though his mouth lagged a bit behind.

He was referring to the collection that had been taken up to repay Thomas Hutchinson for the destruction of his mansion. It had been done at the instigation of Sam Adams. who had spoken out in the Assembly and expressed his outrage at the actions of the mob. Needless to say, the money would not replace the mansion or its precious contents. and Hutchinson was reported to be heartbroken over the loss of his priceless
History of Massachusetts Bay
, thirty years of work undone in just one night. The morning following the riot, he had appeared in court among his fellow red-robed justices, wearing only what he'd escaped in the previous night. He had borrowed an ill-fitting coat from the neighbors he was staying with and he was a pathetic sight, indeed.

Sam Adams. unlike Macintosh. was fully able to appreciate how the sympathies of Boston would lie with a proud. distinguished citizen so humbled and he had sought to prove that the Sons of Liberty. while opposed to men like Hutchinson in principle, were not a ruthless bunch of thugs—which was precisely what many of them were. And despite the fact that he had organized the demonstration. something he prudently did not admit in public. Adams sincerely sought to make amends. Much like Col. George Washington of Virginia. whose family crest bore the Latin motto,