Tutankhamen (40 page)

Henut-Taneb: sister of Akhenaten.

Herihor: general of Libyan extraction who took control of Thebes during the reign of Ramesses XI.

Herodotus: Classical historian who wrote about Egypt (
c.
484 – 425 BC).

Horemheb: final king of the 18th Dynasty (reigned
c.
1323 – 1295 BC).

Ineni, architect to Tuthmosis I.

Isis: sister of Akhenaten.

Kadashman-Enlil I: king of Babylonia (
c.
1374 – 1360 BC).

Kiya: secondary queen of Akhenaten; a woman with an important but ill-understood role at the Amarna court.

KV 55 mummy: the male human remains recovered from tomb KV 55; dated to the Amarna period.

Maia (Mayet): wet nurse to Tutankhamen.

Manetho: Egyptian historian and priest; wrote the first official history of Egypt for Ptolemy I and II.

Manhata: one of three foreign wives of Tuthmosis III.

Manuwai: one of three foreign wives of Tuthmosis III.

Maruta: one of three foreign wives of Tuthmosis III.

May: a northern official during the reign of Tutankhamen.

Maya: a courtier who served both Akhenaten and Tutankhamen; his many titles included ‘chief of the treasury' and ‘overseer of works in the place of eternity'.

Meketaten: second surviving daughter of Akhenaten and Nefertiti; may have died in childbirth.

Merenptah: 19th Dynasty king (reigned
c.
1213 – 1203 BC).

Meritaten: the oldest surviving daughter born to Akhenaten and Nefertiti; probably consort of Smenkhkare.

Meryre II: Amarna courtier.

Mutemwia: mother of Amenhotep III and, perhaps, a relative of Yuya of Akhmim.

Mutnodjmet: sister of Nefertiti; may also be the identically named consort of Horemheb.

Nakhtmin: courtier; son or grandson of Ay.

Narmer: first king of the unified Egypt (reigned
c.
3100 BC).

Nebetah: sister of Akhenaten.

Nebhepetre Montuhotep II: 11th Dynasty king and unifier of Egypt (reigned
c.
2055 – 2004 BC).

Neferneferuaten (princess): fourth surviving daughter of Akhenaten and Nefertiti.

Neferneferuaten Nefertiti: see Nefertiti.

Neferneferuaten: an enigmatic Amarna character; see Ankhkheperure Neferneferuaten.

Neferneferure: fifth surviving daughter of Akhenaten and Nefertiti.

Nefertiti: consort of Akhenaten, mother of at least six royal children; probably daughter of Ay; also known as Neferneferuaten Nefertiti.

Pawah: a draughtsman who scribbled a graffito in a Theban tomb (TT 139).

Peteti: owner of a Giza tomb.

Pinodjem II: 21st Dynasty High Priest; owner of a family tomb at Deir el-Bahri (DB 320), which was used as a royal cache.

Pseusennes II: 21st Dynasty king (reigned c. 959 – 945 BC).

Ramesses I: founder of the 19th Dynasty (reigned
c.
1295 – 1294 BC).

Ramesses II ‘The Great': 19th Dynasty king (reigned c.1279 – 1213 BC).

Ramesses III: 20th Dynasty king (reigned
c.
1184 – 1153 BC).

Ramesses VI : 20th Dynasty king (reigned
c
.1143 – 1136 BC).

Ramesses XI: 19th Dynasty king (reigned
c
.1099 – 1069 BC).

Senwosret III: 12th Dynasty king (reigned c. 1870 – 1831 BC).

Setepenre: sixth and final surviving daughter born to Akhenaten and Nefertiti.

Seti I: 19th Dynasty king (reigned
c
.1294 – 1279 BC).

Sitamen: sister of Akhenaten.

Smendes: founder of the 21st Dynasty (reigned
c
. 1069 – 1043 BC).

Smenkhkare: co-regent of Akhenaten and probable husband of Meritaten (reigned
c.
1338 – 1336 BC).

Suppiluliumas: king of the Hittites during Tutankhamen's reign.

Tadukhepa: daughter of Tushratta of Mitanni; intended bride of Amenhotep III, actual bride of Akhenaten.

Tera: fictional queen in Bram Stoker's
The Jewel of Seven Stars
(1903).

Teti: 6th Dynasty owner of a Sakkara pyramid.

Thuya: wife of Yuya and mother of Queen Tiy.

Tiy: daughter of Yuya and Thuya; consort of Amenhotep III and mother of Akhenaten.

Tiye: wife and later consort of Ay; nurse to Nefertiti.

Tutankhamen: king of Egypt (reigned
c.
1336 – 1327 BC); originally known as Tutankhaten.

Tutankhaten: see Tutankhamen.

Tuthmosis (prince): prematurely deceased older brother of Akhenaten.

Tuthmosis I: early 18th Dynasty king (reigned
c.
1504 – 1492 BC).

Tuthmosis II: early 18th Dynasty king (reigned
c.
1492 – 1479 BC).

Tuthmosis III: 18th Dynasty king (reigned
c.
1479 – 1425 BC).

Tuthmosis IV: 18th Dynasty king (reigned
c.
1400 – 1390 BC).

‘Two Brothers': a pair of Middle Kingdom mummies housed in the Manchester Museum.

Younger Lady (KV 35YL): later 18th Dynasty female body discovered in the cache tomb of Amenhotep II.

Yuya: husband of Thuya and father of Queen Tiy.

Zannanza: Hittite prince, sent to Egypt on an ill-fated mission to marry the queen.

Ayrton, Edward Russell (1882 – 1914): British Egyptologist; employee of Theodore Davis and excavator of tomb KV 55.

Baikie, Reverend James (1866 – 1931): widely read Scottish historian of ancient Egypt.

Breastead, James Henry (1865 – 1935): American Egyptologist, subsequently founded the Oriental Institute at Chicago.

Budge, Sir Ernest Alfred Thompson Wallis (1857 – 1934): Keeper of Egyptian Antiquities at the British Museum.

Burton, Harry (1879 – 1940): American archaeologist and photographer employed by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; lent to Howard Carter to record Tutankhamen's tomb.

Callender, Arthur R. (? – 1931): retired engineer and architect, friend and colleague of Howard Carter.

Carnarvon, Lady, née Almina Victoria Maria Alexandra Wombwell (1876 – 1969): held the concession to Tutankhamen's tomb after the death of her husband, Lord Carnarvon.

Carter, Howard (1874 – 1939): excavator of the tomb of Tutankhamen.

Corelli, Marie (1855 – 1924): influential novelist with a firm belief in the occult.

Davis, Theodore Monroe (1837 – 1915): American lawyer, businessman and amateur Egyptologist; held the concession to excavate the Valley of the Kings 1902 – 14.

Derry, Douglas (1882 – 1969): Professor of Anatomy in the Medical Faculty of the Egyptian University; the first to examine Tutankhamen's body.

Doyle, Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan (1859 – 1930): British novelist, and firm believer in ‘Tutankhamen's curse'.

Engelbach, Reginald (1888 – 1946): Chief Inspector of the Antiquities Service and, later, Chief Keeper of the Cairo Museum.

Gardiner, Sir Alan Henderson (1879 – 1963): British Egyptologist and philologist.

Haggard, Sir Henry Rider (1856 – 1925): British novelist, and firm unbeliever in ‘Tutankhamen's curse'.

Hall, Lindsley Foote (1883 – 1969): draughtsman loaned to Howard Carter by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Hauser, Walter (1893 – 1960): architect loaned to Howard Carter by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Herbert, George Edward Stanhope Molyneux, 5th Earl of Carnarvon (1866 – 1923): archaeological partner of Howard Carter.

Lacau, Pierre (1873 – 1963): French Egyptologist and philologist; head of the Egyptian Antiquities Service 1914 – 36.

Lucas, Alfred (1867 – 1945): chemist and conservator who worked on the artefacts from Tutankhamen's tomb.

Lythgoe, Albert Morton (1868 – 1934): American archaeologist; Head of the Department of Egyptian Art at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 1906 – 29, then Curator Emeritus 1929 – 33.

Mace, Arthur Cruttenden (1874 – 1928): English Egyptologist and member of the Metropolitan Museum of Art staff; worked with Howard Carter 1922 – 4 and co-authored Carter's first (1923) Tutankhamen volume.

Maspero, Sir Gaston Camille Charles (1846 – 1916): French Egyptologist; head of the Egyptian Antiquities Service 1881 – 6 and again 1899 – 1914.

Newberry, Percy Edward (1869 – 1949): British Egyptologist; mentor to Howard Carter.

Petrie, Sir William Matthew Flinders (1853 – 1942): British Egyptologist, widely credited with being the first to apply scientific excavation techniques to ancient Egyptian sites.

Quibell, James Edward (1867 – 1935), British Egyptologist and Inspector of the Egyptian Antiquities Service.

Smith, Sir Grafton Elliot (1871 – 1937), Australian anatomist and physical anthropologist.

Weigall, Arthur Edward Pearse Broome (1880 – 1934): British Egyptologist and author, occasional correspondent for the
Daily Mail
.

Winlock, Herbert Eustis (1884 – 1950): American Egyptologist; director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art 1932 – 9.

1
Carter describes the almost indescribable moment when he realises that he has discovered a royal tomb. Carter and Mace (1923: 89).

2
Not unnaturally, the Carnarvon family takes a slightly different view. So, for example, Fiona, 8th Countess of Carnarvon, tells ‘how an English aristocrat and intellectual and English draughtsman and archaeologist came to meet and pursue their dream of discovering more about the civilization of Ancient Egypt'. Carnarvon (2007: 2).

3
Statistic given by BBC Radio 4 Today programme, 1 February 2011. These figures do not take account of the abrupt drop in visitors following the fall of the Mubarak government, a drop which is bringing extreme hardship to those involved in Egypt's tourism trade. As I write, in July 2011, visitor numbers are slowly increasing.

4
Romer and Romer (1993: 10) identify a second problem which they describe, with perhaps more of an eye for sensation than accuracy, as
The Rape of Tutankhamen.
This is: ‘the exploitation of a small valley in a foreign country by a diverse group of specialists who, in return, give precious little to conserve its ancient monuments, and worse, on occasion, even seem to threaten them'.

5
J. H. Breasted writing to Mrs John D. Rockefeller Jr on 23 February 1926, quoted in James (1992: 352); Smith (1923: 11).

6
While the religion of the Amarna Age is often described as ‘monotheism' (the worship of a sole god), it is better classed as ‘henotheism' (the worship of a sole god while admitting the existence or possible existence of other gods).

7
Both Akhenaten and Nefertiti have developed a similar cultural afterlife. See Montserrat (2000).

1
Carter and Mace (1923: 76).

2
Davis (1912).

3
Johnson (2009).

4
Porter and Moss (1972: 454 – 9).

5
All measurements are taken from Reeves (1990: 70 – 71).

6
Carter (1933: 154).

7
James (1992: 202).

8
Statistics given by Romer and Romer (1993: 10).

9
Cross (2008) and personal communication 2011. Cross believes that the flood occurred during the first year of Ay's reign. Bickerstaffe (2009) agrees the importance of the flood, but dates it to ‘not long after Horemheb's Year 8'.

1
The classical historian Diodorus Siculus, writing in the first century BC, tempts historians with a tantalising hint of the Valley's lost past.
Library of History
I: 46.

2
Quoted in Romer (1981: 32).

3
Pococke (1743), quoted in Pinkerton (1814: 246).

4
Newberry (1928: 7). The stela that he describes is in Berlin Museum, inv. 17813.

5
Baikie (1917: 191 – 3).

6
The Times,
1 December 1922.

7
Originally the stela showed Tutankhamen standing with his consort, Ankhesenamen. But during the reign of Horemheb the queen was erased, and Tutankhamen's names were replaced by Horemheb's. For a full translation of the text see Bennet (1939). A small fragment of a duplicate text was discovered in the temple of Montu at Karnak. Both are now housed in Cairo Museum (41504 and 41565).

8
Davis (1907: xxvii – xxviii).

9
Weigall (1912: 175).

10
Borchardt (1905: 254).

11
Davis (1910). Davis's publication should be read in conjunction with Bell (1990) and Reeves (1981). Much of the analysis of the tomb and its contents given here is based on Bell's work.

12
The lost items from KV 55, and their recovery, are discussed in detail on The Theban Royal Mummy Project website presented by W. M. Miller.

13
Weigall (1922: 193).

14
Gardiner (1957: 10).

15
Tyndale (1907: 185 – 6).

16
Cross (2008: 305) and personal communication 2011.

17
Weigall (1922: 197).

18
Gardiner (1957: 25).

19
Krauss (1986).

20
Martin (1985: 112).

21
Lucas (1931).

22
Engelbach (1931: 98ff.).

23
Davis (1910: 9 and 2).

24
Weigall (1922: 196).

25
Smith (1912: 51).

26
Allen (1988).

27
Gardiner (1957: 19 – 20).

28
Davis (1910: 2).