Thomas Cromwell: Servant to Henry VIII (37 page)

42.
The Marcher Lordships were abolished and the whole area reduced to ‘shire ground’ by the Franchises Act of 1536 (27 Henry VIII, c. 24).

43.
J. G. Bellamy,
The Law of Treason in the Later Middle Ages
(1970).

44.
D. Loades,
Politics and the Nation, 1450
–
1660
(1999), p. 24.

45.
Statute 26 Henry VIII, c. 13.
Statutes of the Realm
, III, pp. 508–9.

46.
Ibid
.

47.
Brad C. Pardue,
Printing, Power and Piety; appeals to the Public during the early years of the English Reformation
(2012), pp. 1–15.

48.
The Glasse of the Truth
was published anonymously, but Henry is suspected of having had a hand in it himself,
ibid
., p. 122.

49.
Merriman,
Life and Letters
, I, p. 226. Schofield,
Thomas Cromwell
, p. 110.

50.
Ibid
., pp. 96–7.

51.
By Thomas Swinnerton,
RSTC
23551.5.

52.
For a very full account of the activities of his servants and informers, see Elton,
Policy and Police
, which contains a large number of relevant stories.

53.
TNA E 344/1 – 21/8. Hutchinson,
Thomas Cromwell
, pp. 92–3.

54.
John Caley and Josiah Hunter (eds),
Valor Ecclesiasticus
, 6 vols., (1810–34).

55.
In December 1535 a canon of St Osythe wrote to Cromwell claiming profession at the age of thirteen, and saying that he would rather die than live in such misery. His petition was granted. D. Knowles,
The Religious Orders in England
,
Vol. 3: The Tudor Age
(1959).

56.
A. G. Dickens,
The English Reformation
(1964), pp. 141–2.

57.
D. MacCulloch,
Thomas Cranmer
(1996), p. 130. Cromwell was originally appointed to conduct a royal visitation, during which the powers of all bishops were suspended.

58.
Statute 26 Henry VIII, c. 1.
Statutes of the Realm
, III, p. 492.

59.
Statute 25 Henry VIII, c. 22.
Statutes of the Realm
, III, pp. 471–4.

60.
Hutchinson,
Thomas Cromwell
, p. 69.

61.
J. Scarisbrick, ‘Fisher, Henry VIII, and the Reformation Crisis’ in B. Bradshaw and E. Duffy,
Humanism, Reform and the Reformation: the Career of Bishop John Fisher
(1989), pp. 155–68.

62.
Schofield,
Thomas Cromwell
, pp. 105–7.

63.
MacCulloch,
Cranmer
, p. 130.

64.
L & P
, VIII, no. 750 (p. 280).

65.
BL Add. MS 8715, f. 53. Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, pp. 332–3.

66.
It is possible that More’s whole correspondence with Cromwell is a kind of jest, designed to secure his favour, just as he mock-commended Henry VIII. E. F. Rogers (ed.),
Correspondence of Thomas More
(1947), pp. 506, 517, 541, 552, 554–5.

67.
BL Arundel MS 152, f. 294.

68.
L & P
, VIII, p. 385. Nicholas Harpesfield,
Life and Death of Sir Thomas More
, ed. Elsie Hitchcock and R. W. Chambers (Early English Text Society, 186, 1932), p. 189.

69.
Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, p. 332.

70.
W. Roper,
Life of Thomas More
, ed. E. V. Hitchcock (EETS, 1935), p. 97.

71.
C. A. Hart (ed.),
The English Works of John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester
(2002), pp. 12, 350. Schofield,
Thomas Cromwell
, p. 104.

72.
Ibid
., pp. 104–5.

73.
Scarisbrick, ‘Fisher, Henry VIII, and the Reformation Crisis’, p. 157.

74.
Harpesfield,
Life and Death of Sir Thomas More
, pp. 243–4.

75.
R. J. Knecht,
Francis I
(1982) p. 275.
L & P
,VIII, no. 837.

76.
Hutchinson,
Thomas Cromwell
, p. 78.

77.
L & P
, VIII, no. 196. Elton,
Policy and Police
, p. 137. Hutchinson,
Thomas Cromwell
, p. 79.

78.
D. Loades,
The Boleyns
(2011), pp. 134–5.

79.
Loades,
Henry VIII
(2011), pp. 262–3.

80.
L & P
, X, no. 282. Ives,
Life and Death of Anne Boleyn
, p. 296.

81.
Statute 27 Henry VIII, c. 28. Elton,
Tudor Constitution
, pp. 379–81.

82.
Ives,
Life and Death
, pp. 307–10.

83.
Charles Wriothesley,
A Chronicle of England, 1485
–
1559
, ed. W. D. Hamilton (Camden Society, 1875), I, pp. 189–91. Ives,
Life and Death
, pp. 319–20.

84.
Thus ‘imagining’ the king’s death.
Ibid
., p. 325.

85.
Ibid
., p. 326.

86.
Loades,
The Boleyns
, pp. 162–3.

87.
G. W. Bernard,
Anne Boleyn, Fatal Attractions
(2010)

88.
The Life of Cardinal Wolsey, by George Cavendish
, ed. S. W. Singer (1827), pp. 458–9.

89.
Ives,
Life and Death
, p. 328.

90.
Ibid
., p. 327.

91.
Wriothesley,
Chronicle
, I, pp. 37–8.

92.
MacCulloch,
Cranmer
, pp. 158–9.

93.
Loades,
Jane Seymour
(2013).

5 The Lord Privy Seal, 1531–1540

1.
D. Loades,
Mary Tudor; a Life
(1989), pp. 98–9.

2.
Ibid
., p. 99. On Henry’s special relationship with God, see Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, esp. pp. 278–80.

3.
L & P
, XI, no. 7. Loades,
Mary Tudor
,
loc. cit
.

4.
BL Cotton MS Otho C.x, f. 283.
L & P
, X, no. 968.

5.
Loades,
Mary Tudor
, p. 100.

6.
BL Cotton MS Otho C.x, f. 278.
L & P
, X. no. 1022.

7.
Chapuys’s surviving correspondence does not make this point clear. None of the documents immediately connected with this crisis are dated.

8.
L & P
, X, no.

9.
Cal. Span
., V, ii, p. 70.

10.
BL Cotton MS Otho C.x, ff. 172, 174.
L & P
, X, no. 1134.

11.
L & P
, X, nos 429, 1150.

12.
Loades,
The Reign of Mary Tudor
(1979), p. 19.

13.
Chapuys to the Emperor, 1 July 1536.
L & P
, XI, no. 7.

14.
Mary merely dated the letter ‘Thursday’, but since she received her first intimation of forgiveness on the 26th that day must have been the 22nd.
Royal Historical Society, Handbook of Dates
(1978), p. 135.

15.
L & P
, XI, no. 334. Loades,
Mary Tudor
, p. 103.

16.
Cal. Span
., V, ii, p. 70.

17.
L & P
, XI, no. 163. B. Murphy,
Bastard Prince
(2001), p. 176. Statute 28 Henry VIII, c. 7.

18.
Henry VIII to Gardiner and Wallop
. L & P
, XI, no. 445. The reference is to Charles, Francis’s third son, who became Duke of Orléans following the death of the Dauphin, Francis, in August 1536.

19.
Mary to Cromwell, probably 30 June 1536.
L & P
, X, no. 1186.

20.
He was made Warden and Chief Justice of all forests north of the Trent in December 1537, with a fee of £100 a year.
L & P
, XII, ii, no. 1311. Hutchinson,
Thomas Cromwell
, p. 273. For Cromwell’s acquisition of the manor of Wimbledon, see
Ibid
., p. 124.

21.
L & P
, XI, no. 1355. Memoranda for the King’s Council, 2 December 1533,
L & P
, VI, no. 1486.

22.
L & P
, XI, no. 629. For repeated petitions over the settlement of debt, see Christopher, Lord Conyers to Cromwell, 13 October 1533.
L & P
, VI, no. 1366.

23.
G. R. Elton, ‘King or Minister? The man behind the Henrician Reformation’,
History
, 39, 1954, pp. 216–32.
Ibid
.,
Thomas Cromwell
(ed. 2008), pp. 8–11.

24.
Statute 27 Henry VIII, c. 28.
Statutes of the Realm
, III, pp. 575–8.

25.
Elton,
Tudor Revolution in Government
, pp. 208–9.

26.
R. W. Hoyle,
The Pilgrimage of Grace and the Politics of the 1530s
(2001), p. 93.

27.
L & P
, XII, no. 380.

28.
TNA SP1/110, f. 162.
L & P
, XI, no. 968. Hoyle,
Pilgrimage
, p. 109.

29.
L & P
, XI, no. 705.

30.
Hoyle,
Pilgrimage
, pp. 149–50.

31.
D. Loades,
Politics and the Nation
, p. 148.

32.
L & P
, XI, no. 786 (iii). Merriman,
Life and Letters
, I, p. 181.

33.
TNA SP1/119, f. 4.
L & P
, XII, i, no. 1022. Hoyle,
Pilgrimage of Grace
, pp. 265 –81.

34.
TNA SP1/112, ff. 118–211.
L & P
, XI, no. 1246 (1–2). Hoyle,
Pilgrimage
, pp. 460–63.

35.
Ibid
., p. 302.

36.
Suffolk to Cromwell, 27 November 1536,
L & P
, XI, no. 1180. Hoyle,
Pilgrimage
, pp. 409–10. On Bigod’s revolt, and his bid to capture Scarborough, see J. Binns, ‘Scarborough and the Pilgrimage of Grace’,
Scarborough Archaeological and History Society
, 33, 1997, pp. 23–39.

37.
Gervase Clyfton to Mr Banks, 11 November 1536.
L & P
, XI, no. 1042.
L & P
, XII, i, no. 698.

38.
Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, pp. 355–60.

39.
Merriman,
Life and Letters
, p. 221. T. Rymer,
Foedera, Conventiones etc
. (1704–35), XIV, p. 539.

40.
S. G. Ellis,
Tudor Ireland
(1985), p. 123.

41.
B. Bradshaw, ‘Cromwellian Reforms and the Origins of the Kildare Rebellion’,
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
,
5th series, 1977, pp. 69–94. S. G. Ellis, ‘The Kildare Rebellion and the Early Henrician Reformation’,
Historical Journal
, 19, 1976, pp. 807–30.

42.
Ellis,
Tudor Ireland
, p. 125.

43.
Ibid
., pp. 127–8. Skeffington brought 2,300 men with him, the largest force to be seen in Ireland since 1399.

44.
Ellis, ‘The Kildare Rebellion…’, pp. 812–16, 822–30.
Ibid
., ‘Tudor Policy and the Kildare ascendancy in the Lordship of Ireland’,
Irish Historical Studies
, 20.

45.
Ellis,
Tudor Ireland
, pp. 130–31. B. Bradshaw,
The Irish Constitutional Revolution of the Sixteenth Century
(1979), p. 141.

46.
Bradshaw, ‘George Browne, the first Reformation Archbishop of Dublin’,
Journal of Ecclesiastical History
,
21, 1970, pp. 310–12.

47.
Ellis, ‘Thomas Cromwell and Ireland, 1532–1540’,
Historical Journal
, 21, 1980, p. 510.

48.
Ellis,
Tudor Ireland
, p. 133. Bradshaw,
Irish Constitutional Revolution
, pp. 193–6.

49.
The policy of surrender and regrant involved the Irish chieftains surrendering their tribal land to the Crown, and receiving them back as fiefs, together with appropriate English titles. These titles then gave them seats in the Irish House of Lords, and integrated them fully into the government of English Ireland. The take-up was patchy, but disappointing. Ellis,
Tudor Ireland
, pp. 137–42.

50.
Elton,
Tudor Constitution
, p. 202.

51.
By the statute of 26 Henry VIII, c. 6.

52.
Statute 27 Henry VIII, c. 24.
Statutes of the Realm
, III, pp. 555–8.

53.
W. S. K. Thomas,
Tudor Wales
(1983), pp. 49–65.

54.
David Rees,
The Son of Prophecy; Henry Tudor’s Road to Bosworth
(1997), pp. 15–21.

55.
W. Schenk,
Reginald Pole, Cardinal of England
(1950), pp. 21–3.

56.
Reginald Pole to Cromwell, 2 May 1537.
L & P
, XII, i, no. 1123. Tunstall to Pole, 14 July 1536. T. F. Mayer,
Reginald Pole, Prince and Prophet
(2000), pp. 13–33. Mayer,
The Correspondence of Reginald Pole, I, A Calendar, 1518
–
1546
(2002), pp. 100–01.

57.
L & P
, XII, i, no 270. Hutchinson,
Thomas Cromwell
, p. 175. Cromwell did not normally resort to assassination as a political weapon, but see his letter to Michael Throgmorton in September 1537: ‘There may be ways found enough in Italy, to rid a traitorous subject.’ Merriman,
Life and Letters
, p. 218.

58.
Mayer,
Reginald Pole
. Loades,
Mary Tudor
, pp. 110–11.

59.
Hazel Pierce,
Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, 1473
–
1541
(2003), pp. 164–5.

60.
Ibid
., pp. 117–20.

61.
Confessions of John Wissdome and Joan Tristlelowe, 13 September 1538. TNA SP1/136, ff. 202–3.
L & P
, XIII, ii, no. 392.

62.
Examination of John Collins. TNA SP1/139, f. 23.
L & P
, XIII, ii, no. 829.

63.
According to what Richard Ayers told John Ansard.
L & P
, XIII, ii, no. 817, f. 84. Pierce,
Margaret Pole
, p. 119.