Thomas Cook (38 page)

5.
Designed by Augustus Welby Pugin.

6.
Ingle.

7.
In 1870 Napoleon III was the third French king to be a refugee in Britain in seventy-eight years. Louis XVIII and Charles X had created precedents.

8.
Seaton,
Thomas Cook
.

9.
Howard Usher, the archivist at Melbourne Hall,
William Lamb, Lord Melbourne
, 1988;
Fatal Females
, 1900, reprinted 2000;
Owners of Melbourne Hall
, 1993, reprinted 2003.

1.
David Daiches and John Flower,
Literary Landscapes of the British Isles
(London, Paddington Press, 1979).

2.
These first appeared under the
nom de plume
of Michael Angelo Titmarsh.

3.
William Makepeace Thackeray,
Notes of a Journey from Cornhill to Grand Cairo, by way of Lisbon, Athens, Constantinople and Jerusalem
(London, Chapman & Hall, 1846).

4.
Yehoshua Ben-Arieh,
Jerusalem in the Nineteenth Century: Emergence of the New City
(Jerusalem, Yad Ishak Ben-Zvi Institute, 1979).

5.
Ibid
.

6.
Ibid
.

7.
Paxton was already known as an architect of genius when he was commissioned.

8.
Chambers Biographical Dictionary
, ed. Magnus Magnusson (Edinburgh, Chambers, 1990).

9.
Albert, with his strict moral sense from his Lutheran childhood, showed concern for the poverty, housing, unemployment and malnutrition in Britain; he was particularly disturbed to hear that over 4.5 million people (about one-seventh of the population) were receiving Poor Relief. Wanting to help ‘that class of our community which has most of the toil, and least of the enjoyments, of this world’, he had much in common with Lord Ashley, who steered him to become the president of the Society for Improving the Conditions of the Labouring Classes for four years.

10.
By 1815 the clubs collectively boasted over half a million members.

11.
The average weekly wage for men on farms rose from 9
s
7
d
in 1850–1 in 1850–1 to 13
s
9
d
in 1879–81, but there were wide variations between north and south and from one district to another, G.E. Mingay,
Rural Life in Victorian England
(London, Futura, 1977).

12.
The monthly issues of this publication were eventually issued in thirteen separate editions around the world.

1.
Stephen Halliday,
Making the Metropolis: Creators of Victoria’s London
(Derby, Breedon Books, 2003).

2.
Avery,
Victorian Times
, figure for the year 1848.

3.
Jeffrey A. Auerbach,
The Great Exhibition of 1851
(New Haven, Yale University Press, 1999).

4.
Derek Beales,
From Castlereagh to Gladstone
(London, Nelson, 1969).

5.
Chadwick,
The Victorian Church
.

1.
Ingle.

2.
Pudney.

3.
Long since gone, but it ended up as a theatre and finally as a cinema.

4.
Ingle.

5.
J.D. Mackie,
A History of Scotland
(London, Penguin, 1991).

6.
Excursionist
, 1854 (Brendon).

7.
Fairs had been popular in Birmingham from 1529; two of them, the Pleasure Fair and the Onion Fair, were held annually.

8.
Quoted on the website
www.chaddesley-corbett.co.uk
.

9.
Cook posters of the Birmingham Onion Fair in the 1890s are collector’s items.

10.
Ingle.

11.
Now a camping shop with rented offices above.

12.
Arthur Herman,
The Scottish Enlightenment
(London, Fourth Estate, 2002).

13.
Including the Act for Setting Schools in 1696.

14.
St Andrews (1412), Glasgow (1451), Aberdeen (1495) and Edinburgh (1582).

15.
Ibid
.

16.
Pudney.

1.
Seaton,
Thomas Cook
.

2.
Napoleon was buried in St Helena in 1821, but in 1840 his remains were returned to Paris.

3.
David Roberts R.A.,
The Holy Land, Yesterday and Today, Lithographs and Diaries
, texts by Fabio Bourbon (Shrewsbury, Swan Hill Press, 1997).

4.
Ingle.

1.
Ingle.

2.
F.M. Leventhal,
Respectable Radical: George Howell and Victorian Working Class Politics
(London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971).

3.
Brendon.

4.
Mitchell and Leys,
A History of the English People
. Horace Walpole wrote a four-volume
Memoirs of the Reign of King George III
.

5.
Brendon, quoting
Excursionist
.

6.
It had been moved to Sydenham.

7.
Sir Gilbert Scott, 1811–78, leading architect of the Gothic Revival, including the India Office, St Pancras Station and Glasgow University.

8.
Completed and unveiled in January 1867.

9.
Seaton,
Thomas Cook
.

10.
Excursionist
, September 1862.

11.
Excursionist
, April 1862.

12.
Edmund Swinglehurst,
The Story of Popular Travel
(Poole, Blandford, 1982).

13.
Pudney.

14.
Ibid
.

15.
Thomas Cook Archives.

1.
Later pulled down to make way for some large mansion flats.

2.
In the eighteenth century audiences sometimes broke into disorder, so iron spikes were erected in the front of some stages to protect actors from their hostility.

3.
St Pancras was built in 1868.

4.
Steven Marcus,
The Other Victorians
(London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966).

5.
London University received its charter in 1836; Lord Burlington was its first chancellor.

6.
Peter Sorensen in a footnote to his essay ‘New Light on Shelley’s “Ozymandias”: Shelley as Prophet of the “New Israel”’ (
The Keats-Shelley Review
, 16, The Keats-Shelley Memorial Association, Berkshire, 2002) quotes from the
Norton Anthology of English Literature
(7th edn, Norton, New York, 2000) and notes that according to Diodorus Siculus the statue was ‘the largest in Egypt’. He also quotes from Duncan Wu’s
Romanticism, an Anthology
(Malden, Mass., Blackwell, 1998): ‘Horace Smith and Shelley wrote competing sonnets to celebrate their having seen and admired the statue at the British Museum.’

7.
Built by Robert Smirke.

8.
Gay Daly,
Pre-Raphaelites in Love
(London, Collins, 1989).

9.
Ingle.

10.
Brendon.

11.
Great Britons
, BBC film.

12.
Other clubs included the Oesterreichischer Alpenverein (Austrian Alpine Association), 1862; the Club Alpin Suisse (Swiss Alpine Club) and the Club Alpino Italiano (Italian Alpine Club), 1863; the Deutscher Alpenverein (German Alpine Association), 1869; the Club Alpin Français (French Alpine Club), 1874.

13.
President between 1865 and 1868.

14.
Sole editor of twenty-one volumes, he contributed 378 entries in the first edition.

15.
Leslie Stephen,
Playground of Europe
(London, Longman, Green, 1871).

16.
Lynne Withey,
Grand Tours and Cook’s Tours: A History of Leisure Travel, 1750 to 1915
(London, Aurum Press, 1998).

17.
Ibid
.

18.
Garibaldi’s name in England is now associated with the currant-filled biscuit commonly called the ‘squashed fly’ biscuit.

19.
Verdi was then riding high, having won international acclaim for his operas
Rigoletto
,
Il Trovatore
and
La Traviata
.

20.
Robert Blake,
The Conservative Party from Peel to Churchill
(London, Fontana, 1972).

21.
‘De Gustibus’, by Robert Browning, quoted by L.C.B. Seaman,
Victorian England: Aspects of English and Imperial History, 1837–1901
(London, Methuen, 1973).

1.
Many restaurants in the Far East, including Singapore, still do so.

2.
Daily News
, 5 August 1869.

3.
Swinglehurst.

4.
Ingle.

5.
Pudney.

6.
Swinglehurst.

7.
Brendon.

8.
This is the only item in the Thomas Cook Archives from John Bright. They were not acquainted at this point, and Bright begins his letter with the formal ‘Dear Sir’.

9.
It took thirty-five years from the time of Thomas’s visit for the trends of Temperance to come to a head. In 1900, thirty states allowed local governments to decide whether or not to allow the manufacture and sale of alcohol. By 1916, nineteen states had banned alcohol altogether. By 1919, the 18th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States was ratified, forbidding ‘the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors therein, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States’.

10.
Robert Dale,
Dale on the Ten Commandments
(London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1871).

11.
Thomas Cook Archives.

1.
The Complete Poetical Works of William Wordsworth
(London, Macmillan, 1888).

2.
Ousby,
The Englishman’s England
.

3.
Henry James,
English Hours
(London, Heinemann, 1905).

4.
Lynne Withey,
Grand Tours
.

5.
Laurence Sterne (1713–68).

6.
Frances Trollope,
A Visit to Italy
, vol. 2 (London, Richard Bentley, 1842).

7.
Withey,
Grand Tours
.

8.
The
Pall Mall Gazette
was edited by W.T. Stead.

9.
His reputation has been revived by Stephen Haddelsey’s
Charles Lever: The Lost Victorian
(Gerards Cross, Colin Smythe, 2000); contemporary notices favourably compared Lever with his rival, Charles Dickens.

10.
Rae,
The Business of Travel
.

11.
Disraeli’s Act of 1875, Trevelyan,
Illustrated English Social History
.

12.
Brendon qualifies this figure from John Mason – it may be excessive.

13.
Great Britons
, BBC film.

14.
David Duff,
Eugenie and Napoleon III
(London, Collins, 1978).

15.
Pudney.

1.
Words from a Band of Hope song.

2.
Now an international hotel.

3.
Now the Mena House Hotel.

4.
This mummy was part of a group of coffins and mummies presented to the Prince of Wales by the Egyptian Government in 1869 which he passed to the British Museum. The museum’s Department of Ancient Egypt and the Sudan’s collection numbers over 110,000 objects, most of which came from private collectors in the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century excavations.

5.
Anthony Sattin, who earlier edited Florence Nightingale’s letters of her trip down the Nile, in his book
Lifting the Veil
(London, Dent, 1988).

6.
William Howard Russell,
A Diary in the East During the Tour of the Prince and Princes of Wales
(London, Routledge, 1869).

1.
1876 edition.

2.
Great Britons
, BBC film.

3.
There is much dispute whether the site is on the west or east bank of the Jordan, i.e., in Jordan or Israel.

4.
Excursionist
, October 1873.

5.
Stamford Mercury
, 26 April 1872, quoted by Brendon.

6.
Charles Dudley Warner.

7.
Swinglehurst.

1.
Anonymous letter quoted in Gary Hogg,
Suez Canal: A Link between Two Seas
(London, Hutchinson, 1969).

2.
Duff,
Eugenie and Napoleon III
.

1.
A Catholic branch of the House of Hohenzollern which had already supplied Romania with a king in 1866.

2.
Duff,
Eugenie and Napoleon III
.

3.
William Carr,
A History of Germany, 1815–1985
(London, Edward Arnold, 1987).

4.
For train lovers like Thomas, it was fascinating to discover that one of the reasons for the German success was its systematic use of the railway system.

5.
In Oberammergau Cook’s early parties were setting the pattern of being ‘an overwhelming majority among foreign guests’.

6.
Carr,
A History of Germany
.

7.
Pudney gives long extracts from John Mason’s long typed description of his journeys.

8.
Roman Catholic services were in Latin until Vatican II in the 1960s.

9.
Dr John Clifford wrote in the centenary volume of the
Baptist Missionary Society
, ‘Stirred by the earnest appeal of the veteran traveller, Thomas Cook, our Society started a Mission in Rome in 1873.’